The recent developments in fisheries biotechnology are reviewed in this paper, including aquatic animal genome sequencing, genetic mapping construction, screening of molecular marker or genes for economically important traits, genome editing, genomic selection, and cell culture and germplasm conservation. The main problems addressed in the study of fisheries biotechnology are also analyzed, including the incomplete gene function analysis platform, the hysteresis of breeding techniques on sex control and disease resistance, the ongoing of genome editing and genomic selection and so on. The key technological breakthroughs that are needed to solve these problems are outlined. Meanwhile, this paper proposes a key major research project to be implemented, during the 13th Five Year Plan, in order to develop and utilize aquatic animal genome resources, analyze their commercially important genetic traits, and construct a megadata platform for aquatic organisms.