Instrumentation is the fundamental technology and essential equipment for intelligent manufacturing, scientific research, environmental monitoring, healthcare, national defense construction, and so forth. As an important support toward achieving a national innovation strategy, instrumentation development determines the level of strategic new industries, which include the innovative information industry, high-end equipment-manufacturing industry, energy industry, materials industry, and so forth. This paper analyzes development trends of instrumentation engineering science and technology to 2035. Within the requirements of digital, intelligent, and networked instruments, key technologies and future trends are depicted for three main aspects: intelligent instrumentation, medical instruments, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Development strategies and suggestions for China’s instrumentation engineering science and technology to 2035 are also put forward.