At present, China is faced with major problems in infrastructure management, such as improper scheduling and belated implementation of maintenance work or huge maintenance budget outlays. As such, it is essential to implement rapid and effective management measures to ensure road safety, prevent catastrophic damage, and increase economic growth. In this paper, five nondestructive road testing methods and their associated testing equipment are introduced according to the American Society for Testing and Materials. These include the falling weight deflectometer, ground penetrating radar, macro texture depth, international roughness index, and spectral analysis of surface waves. The operating principles and applications of each testing method are elaborated to guide relevant personnel to make a reasoned choice according to their actual situation. The application of these testing methods will accelerate the assessment of projects without traffic closures, likely provide a new approach for establishing a high-efficiency intelligent road network monitoring system, and will provide a practical and feasible method for sustainable road development and the efficient utilization of capital.