With the rapid growth in vehicle production, sales, and ownership, vehicle energy and key mineral resources for vehicle manufacture have become an important issue in China. This study predicts future vehicle ownership and analyzes the current situation in terms of utilization, technical development level, and development trend of vehicle energy and key mineral resources in China, by employing the Chinese vehicle ownership prediction model developed by the China Automotive Energy Research Center of Tsinghua University. The results indicate that China's vehicle ownership will continue to grow and the contradiction between the supply and demand of vehicle energy will be further highlighted. The mineral resource reserves, product performance, and technological level of vehicle materials in China need to be improved. Relevant policies are suggested to cope with the aforementioned challenges.