According to the development level of nuclear energy technologies, this project is divided into three subjects, i.e., thermal neutron reactors, fast neutron reactors and generation IV reactors, and controlled nuclear fusion science and technology. Subject investigation, cross discussion and systematic integration methods are used in different stages of the research. This paper consists of the current status, safety, technological direction, and development roadmap of China’s nuclear energy. It is suggested that China should take the following measures. First, China should promote its independent advanced pressurized water reactor to enlarge the nuclear energy scale in a safe and efficient way in the short run. Second, China should accelerate the research and development of generation IV nuclear energy systems to deal with the problems of nuclear fuel breeding and transmutation of transuranics and long life fission products, and develope small modular reactors actively to expand the application range of nuclear energy in the mid run. Third, China should keep exploring the fusion energy in the long run. It is expected that there will be 1.5×108 kW of nuclear reactors in operation and another 5×107 kW in construction in 2030 and there will be a harmonious development of pressurized water reactors and fast neutron reactors in 2050. The development of China’s nuclear energy is also facing some challenges, such as the insufficient capacity of the front part and post part of the nuclear industry chain, the divergence in research and development power of the core technology, and more competition than cooperation among state owned companies. It is hoped that the China should construct a State Nuclear Energy Lab through integration of existing resources so as to concentrate the strength to promote the development of nuclear energy industry in a healthy and rapid way.