China's mineral resource sector is large but not competitive, and it lags far behind that of countries such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and Canada. The next ten years is a key stage for China's transition from a large to a powerful country in mineral resources. Constructing a strong mineral resources sector is an important development issue currently facing China. Considering the current situation and problems of China’s mineral resources, and combining experiences from countries with competitive mineral resource sectors, this paper formulated a three-step goal proposal for China to establish a strong mineral resource sector. Furthermore, this paper proposes to boast China's mineral resource sector by enhancing the managing and planning ability of global mineral resources, greatly promoting the sustainable development ability of domestic mineral resources, and establishing a unified mineral resource management system. Additionally, proposals are offered from the aspects of scientific layout of the mineral resources industrial chain, mineral resource cooperation with countries along “the Belt and Road”, and urban mineral recycling. Finally, this paper puts forward the development direction for important mineral resources in China from the perspectives of fossil energy resources such as coal, oil and natural gas; renewable resources such as solar energy and wind energy; bulk metal minerals such as iron, copper, and aluminum; as well as rare-earth, scattered, and rare minerals.