The Belt and Road initiative is China’s plan to build a community of shared future for mankind and represents China’s vision for the world in a new era. Engineering technology has played an important supporting role in the Belt and Road construction, especially in major infrastructure construction, energy and resource development, and international industrial cooperation, ensuring the smooth progress of major construction projects. This study examines the opportunities and challenges faced by engineering science and technology in supporting the Belt and Road construction; outlines the strategic goals and overall tasks in various stages before 2035; and elaborates the development strategy of “supporting the Belt and Road construction through engineering science and technology” and its corresponding safeguard measures. Moreover, the study identifies new requirements for engineering science and technology in advancing the Belt and Road construction, including development of a system of key technologies, frontier and high technology breakthroughs, and international cooperation; and concludes that it is necessary to optimize the allocation of research and development resources at the national level, thus to give better scope to the supporting and leading role of engineering science and technology.