This paper first introduces the market demand of countries along the Belt and Road, then studies the prospects for cooperation between China and countries along the route based on the supply capacity of China’s oil refining and petrochemical industries, and proposes cooperation opportunities in resources, market, etc. This paper also comprehensively analyzes the resources, markets, support policies, and investment environment of China and the Belt and Road countries, and selects the key cooperation countries and tasks during cooperation in oil refining and petrochemical investment, technology trade, engineering services, and equipment export by using the analytic hierarchy process. It also proposed several policy recommendations, including coordinated promotion of the whole industry chain, increased publicity, standards integration, fiscal and tax incentive, and risk control.