After over a century’s development, railway transportation is now occupying an important position in the comprehensive transportation system in Iran. To serve the demands for domestic economic and social development and give full play to the regional advantages as an international transportation hub, Iran has formulated a ten-year railway development plan. By the end of 2025, all the existing railway lines in Iran are expected to be electrified, the rate of double track railways will be increased to 100%, and the railway mileage in Iran will be doubled. This Iranian railway upgrading plan has provided favorable opportunities for Chinese enterprises to enter the Iranian engineering construction market. Meanwhile, Chinese enterprises are facing various challenges, including the uncertainty of The Iranian Nuclear Deal, unsound business environment, competition from nations that are strong in railway construction, and Iran’s preference of technical standards. Therefore, Chinese enterprises should carefully assess the existing risks while observantly seizing the opportunities, and make rational decisions by comprehensively analyzing the international political and economic situations and comprehensively weighting the costs and benefits, thereby steadily “going global” under the “Belt and Road” initiative.