The Antarctic marine protected areas (MPAs) have developed rapidly in the past decade and are the focus of ocean governance in the Antarctic, attracting much attention. This paper introduces the establishment process and legal basis of the Antarctic MPAs, discusses the challenges in the development process, and raises some policy proposals. Some disagreement and controversy remain among the members of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in terms of legal regime, political issues, scientific basis, management, and monitoring, which are the major challenges in the development of Antarctic MPAs. In order to implement the important concept of “Marine Community of Shared Future” and fulfill the obligations as a member of CCAMLR, China should deeply participate in the affairs of the Antarctic MPAs, improve domestic legal regime on MPAs, and strengthen scientific research on marine ecology and environment of the Antarctica.