The quality infrastructure—with evaluation, characterization, and standards as its basic elements—plays an important role in supporting industrial transformation and upgrade, promoting technological innovation, improving production efficiency, ensuring product quality, and enhancing industrial international competitiveness. Meanwhile, the acceleration of new material innovations has expanded the scale of the industry and increased the types and supply of new materials, which proposes new requirements for the industrial quality infrastructure. In this article, we analyze the importance of evaluation, characterization, and standards for the development of the new materials industry and summarize the development status of the quality infrastructure in China. Currently, a technical system has been primarily formed for the new material industry in China and has greatly supported industrial innovation. China has also made progresses in internationalization in terms of assessment, characterization, and standardization of the new material industry. However, China’s quality infrastructure for new materials is still underdeveloped in terms of overall level and technological innovative ability in key areas; and its internationalization progress can hardly meet industrial requirements. Therefore, an assessment–characterization–standards platform is demonstrated and analyzed for the new material industry in China. Correspondingly, we suggestthat the top-level design of the quality infrastructure should be strengthened, an “evaluation–characterization–standards” one-stop service mode promoted, independent brands developed regarding certification, testing, and standards, and administrative agencies encouraged to adopt the evaluation results.