High-quality development is and will remain the theme of China’s economic and social development for a long period of time. The food industry—a pillar for national economy—faces the major demand for high-quality development. In this study, we analyze the concept and significance of high-quality development of food industry from three dimensions: macro level, industry, and enterprise management, and summarize the current status and problems related to the food industry development. Subsequently, we build an evaluation index system using the statistical yearbook data; we use this system to study the development level of the food industry in recent years and comprehensively evaluate the development quality of the industry. Moreover, we propose a high-quality development path for China’s food industry in terms of policy, science and technology, platform, talent team, ecosystem, and shared manufacturing. To promote high-quality development of food industry, China should improve the system and mechanism for the innovative development of the industry, adhere to green development, strengthen the research and development of core technologies and special equipment for food industry, establish a platform system and mechanism, and build a food science and technology talent team.