Forestalling a large-scale reemergence of poverty is a basic task in the 14th Five-Year Plan period, which entails consolidating and expanding the achievements in poverty alleviation. This means we should manage the risks of people returning to poverty and enhance tiered and targeted assistance of various types to low-income residents, striving for a robust long-term mechanism of poverty reduction. In this paper, we first analyze the main challenges faced by consolidating and expanding the achievements of the battle against poverty in the new development stage. Among others, populations that have been lifted out of poverty falling back into it is complicated in causes, and industries in rural areas are short of sustainable development capacity. Other challenges remain, such as deficient rural medical services, drinking water safety in areas that have shaken off poverty, and outdated rural governance that is out of tune with the new situation. Subsequently, we summarize the basic logic of consolidating and expanding the achievements in poverty alleviation. We put forward three key tasks concerning increasing the institutional supply, relieving resources and environmental constraints, and stimulating endogenous impetus for those who have been lifted out of poverty. Lastly, we propose policy suggestions on consolidating and expanding the achievements in poverty alleviation from five aspects, including building an identification mechanism of low-income rural residents, promoting the performance of rural industries, improving governance capacity in rural areas, conducting rural doctors training programs, and ensuring drinking water safety.