Considering the high-quality development of the energy sector in China, the integration of energy and transport sectors can facilitate the low-carbon, high-efficiency, and intensive development of both sectors and contribute to carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. This study reviewed the development status and trend of the energy system for land transport and proposed a novel system architecture, which consists of power, physical, and application levels. Three integrated scenarios—interconnected power grid, electrified transportation, and energy-transport integrated network—are analyzed from the energy-dominated, transport-dominated, and energy-transport integrated perspectives. Moreover, a novel development strategy for land transport energy system is proposed based on the potential evaluation of natural resources available for transport energy systems of both highways and high-speed railways. A development strategy consists of three structures, three scenarios, and three driving forces is proposed to guide the construction of a low-carbon and efficient transport infrastructure system. The innovation directions for the transport energy system include key equipment research and development, construction and maintenance of the integrated system, and formation of technical specifications and standards. Therefore, it is essential to promote a modern transport energy system that is dominated by renewable energies and supported by electric power. Furthermore, a new transport power system that integrates renewable energy generation, zero-carbon fuel, and electric drive should be established, and a transport‒energy integrated infrastructure should be planned and constructed.