Electronics manufacturing is a pillar industry of strategic importance for China’s economy. As the supply and ecological chains of global electronics manufacturing industry are currently being reshaped, conducting research on back-end electronics manufacturing equipment and their key components becomes extremely important for the high-quality development of the electronics manufacturing industry in China. This study analyzed the development status and trends of the back-end electronics manufacturing equipment industry in China and abroad and summarized the international technological competition characteristics of the industry, that is, the pursuit of high density and miniaturization of electronic devices as well as high efficiency and low cost in the manufacturing process. The electronics manufacturing equipment industry of China faces problems such as weakness in independent and fundamental technologies, a single market competition model, and severe dependence in imports. Additionally, 12 major technical fields and fundamental contents that China needs to focus on were summarized from the aspects of key processes, core equipment, and components. Empirical analysis was conducted on four typical electronics manufacturing enterprises to summarize their development strategies and experiences. The significance of innovation, key technologies, and market iteration for the development of related enterprises were clarified. Furthermore, corresponding countermeasures for the development of China’s back-end electronics manufacturing equipment and their components were proposed from the aspects of top-level design, industrial layout, market competition, enterprise development, technological innovation, and talent training.