Ecological environment big data can further support the construction of ecological civilization and the construction of a beautiful China by modernizing the ecological environment governance system and capabilities. However, China’s eco-environmental big data strategy is difficult to implement because of mentality and technical bottlenecks. Facing the urgent demand of ecological environment protection for ecological environment big data during the 14th Five-Year period, this article summarizes the development status of ecological environment big data in China and analyzes the existing problems from three aspects: mechanism construction, technology research and development (R&D), and business support. Six key directions are presented: intelligent perception and problem identification of ecological environment; mining of evolution law and driving mechanism; traceability analysis of environmental pollution and ecosystem damages; scenario simulation and prediction evaluation; risk early warning and emergency decision-making; supervision and performance evaluation. Countermeasures are proposed focusing on management mechanism, data resource awareness, technology R&D and demonstration, capital investment, and talent training, thus to support the high-quality development of big data regarding ecological environment during the 14th Five-Year period.