As extreme climate and environmental changes increase, urban public safety faces increasing risks and challenges owing to the rapid urbanization process. The construction of safety resilient cities focuses on urban disaster prevention and mitigation and can promote high-quality urban development. Considering the demand for urban disaster prevention, mitigation, and safe development, this study reviewed the problems existing in urban disaster prevention and mitigation and analyzed the current challenges facing the construction of safety resilient cities. Moreover, four key aspects for building a safety resilient city are proposed, namely institutional, social, engineering, and technological resilience. Furthermore, the following suggestions for the development of safety resilient cities are proposed: (1) improving legal standards for disaster prevention and control and establishing an efficient emergency response coordination mechanisms; (2) promoting multi-subject collaborative governance to build a new pattern for disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief; (3) strengthening the awareness of disaster risks to build a solid defense line in society; (4) accelerating the construction of disaster prevention and mitigation infrastructure to improve urban fortification; and (5) strengthening the development of technologies and skilled professionals for disaster prevention and mitigation to improve risk governance.