Cities consume a large amount of energies owing to their high population density and centralized economy, and have high concentration of various risks. Energy and transportation are key areas for carbon emission reduction in urban areas and significant components of urban lifeline engineering. Therefore, the integrated development of energy and transportation systems is crucial for the low-carbon and resilient construction of cities. This study first reviews the low-carbon and resilient development status of urban rail transit and energy systems, covering three aspects: low-carbon development of urban rail transit, resilience assessment and improvement, and security protection and risk assessment of energy storage systems. Moreover, the concept of an underground-space-supported multi-energy-integrated urban rail transit system is proposed, elaborating the operating modes of the system in normal times and extreme conditions. Subsequently, benefits of the proposed system are analyzed from the perspectives of environment, economy, and society, and future research directions and key problems to be solved are introduced. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) improving the policy mechanism for the multi-energy-integrated urban rail transit system and promoting coordinated governance by multiple departments, (2) constructing a technology innovation system for the system to realize low-carbon, safe, and efficient operation of urban rail transit, and (3) promoting the development of a coordinated management system for urban power grids and rail transit to enhance urban resilience.