Ensuring national food security is crucial for strengthening the agriculture sector of China, and it holds both theoretical and practical significance in the context of the "dual circulation" (i.e., domestic and international economic circulations) strategy. This study explores the resilience of China's food security and its capacity for risk management under the "dual circulation" framework, providing an analysis of the current status, characteristics, influencing factors, and feasible pathways for enhancing food security resilience and risk management capabilities. The study identifies key factors influencing food security resilience and risk management, including the agricultural production base, the level of agricultural technology, food production methods, support policies for food production, and the international trade environment. Feasible pathways for enhancing food security resilience and risk management capabilities include improving the stability of food supply, enhancing the adaptability of food production, promoting the sustainability of food production, maintaining the continuity of policy systems, and strengthening the coordination between domestic and international markets. To achieve these goals, it is recommended to solidify the foundation of grain production capacity, improve technological support for grain production, strengthen intelligent monitoring and management, accelerate the establishment of guarantee systems, and optimize grain import and export trade. These measures will enhance China's food security resilience and risk management capabilities in the context of "dual circulation".