Conducting supply-demand prediction and structural adjustment of planting and breeding industries based on changes in food consumption is crucial for ensuring food security of China. This study analyzes the characteristics of food consumption structure and the development trends of planting and breeding industries in China and estimates the demand and supply data of staple grains, feed grains, and forage crops closely related to the planting and breeding industries. The analysis results of supply-demand balance are obtained. Targeted adjustment directions are proposed, including expanding the planting of protein feed crops, oil-bearing crops, and high-quality forage crops; stabilizing the production of livestock and poultry; vigorously developing grass-based animal husbandry; promoting an all-encompassing approach to food; and exploring multiple sources of food. The study also elaborates on the implementation paths: optimizing planting structure by adjusting regional layout, developing circular agriculture that integrates crop farming and animal husbandry, constructing a diversified food supply system, and comprehensively enhancing innovation capabilities regarding agricultural technologies. To better ensure national food security, we proposes to improve the policy and technological support systems, allocate agricultural resources toward production areas, establish a regional collaboration mechanism, and adjust policies and statistical standards for staple grain, feed grain, and forage crop production.