Development of Sustainable Healthy Diets in China

Jiayu Xia, Shenggen Fan, Xinyue Ding, Kevin Chen, Xiaolong , Meng Ting Feng, Yumei Zhang

Strategic Study of CAE ›› 2023, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (4) : 120-127.

PDF(1099 KB)
PDF(1099 KB)
Strategic Study of CAE ›› 2023, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (4) : 120-127. DOI: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.04.011
Strategic Research on the Transformation of Agricultural Food System at the New Development Stage
Orginal Article

Development of Sustainable Healthy Diets in China

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Diets significantly affect the nutrition and health of people as well as the resources and environment. Promoting a sustainable healthy diets among the Chinese population is crucial for implementing the Healthy China initiative, fostering sustainable development, and ensuring national food security in China. This study reviews the forming process of the sustainable healthy diets concept, presents several representative sustainable dietary patterns, and clarifies the international consensus on sustainable healthy diets from the perspectives of nutrition and health, resource and environment, and socio-economics. Moreover, it analyzes the current dietary patterns of Chinese residents and focuses on associated nutrition and health issues and resource and environmental challenges caused by changes in dietary patterns. Furthermore, we recommend that China should propose targeted plans to guide and optimize residents' dietary patterns, implement multiple measures to foster a healthy and sustainable food consumption habit among residents, and establish a sustainable and healthy dietary supply system. This can help cope with the double challenges of increasing nutritional imbalance and environmental degradation and improve the formulation of national food policies.

Keywords

diet / nutrition and health / sustainability / agri-food system

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Jiayu Xia, Shenggen Fan, Xinyue Ding, Kevin Chen, Xiaolong , Meng Ting Feng, Yumei Zhang. Development of Sustainable Healthy Diets in China. Strategic Study of CAE, 2023, 25(4): 120‒127 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.04.011

References

[1]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations‍‍. The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all [R]‍. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2022‍.
[2]
Development Initiatives Poverty Research Ltd‍. Global nutrition report 2022: Stronger commitments for greater action [R]‍. Bristol: Development Initiatives Poverty Research Ltd‍., 2022‍.
[3]
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change‍. Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change [R]‍. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2022‍.
[4]
Crippa M, Solazzo E, Guizzardi D, al et‍. Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions [J]‍. Nature Food, 2021, 2(3): 198‒209‍.
[5]
United Nations Environment Programme‍. Emissions gap report 2022: The closing window—Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies [R]‍. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 2022‍.
[6]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations‍. The State of food security and nutrition in the world 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets [R]‍. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2021‍.
[7]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization‍. Sustainable healthy diets—Guiding principles [R]‍. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2019‍.
[8]
Springmann M, Clark M A, Mason-D´Croz D, al et‍. Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits [J]‍. Nature, 2018, 562(7728): 519‒525‍.
[9]
Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, al et‍. Food in the anthropocene: The EAT-Lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems [J]‍. The Lancet, 2019, 393(10170): 447‒492‍.
[10]
Zhang J, Chai L‍. Trade-off between human health and environmental health in global diets [J]‍. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 182: 106336‍.
[11]
Behrens P, Kiefte-De J J C, Bosker T, al et‍. Evaluating the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations [J]‍. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017, 114(51): 13412‍‒13417‍.
[12]
Sánchez-Sánchez M L, García-Vigara A, Hidalgo-Mora J J, al et‍. Mediterranean diet and health: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and intervention trials [J]‍. Maturitas, 2020, 136: 25‒37‍.
[13]
Guasch-Ferré M, C‍ Willett W. The mediterranean diet and health: A comprehensive overview [J]‍. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2021, 290(3): 549‒566‍.
[14]
Macdiarmid J L, Kyle J, Horgan G W, al et‍. Sustainable diets for the future: Can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet [J]‍. The American Journa of Clinical Nutrition, 2012, 96(3): 632‒639‍.
[15]
He P, Feng K, Baiocchi G, al et‍. Shifts towards healthy diets in the us can reduce environmental impacts but would be unaffordable for poorer minorities [J]‍. Nature Food, 2021, 2(9): 664‒672‍.
[16]
Springmann M, Spajic L, Clark M A, al et‍. The healthiness and sustainability of national and global food based dietary guidelines: Modelling study [J]‍. The British Medical Journal, 2020, 370: m2322‍.
[17]
全球食物经济与政策研究院‍ . 中国与全球食物政策报告 [R]‍. 北京 : 全球食物经济与政策研究院 , 2021 ‍.
[18]
Sheng F, Wang J, Chen K Z, al et‍. Changing Chinese diets to achieve a win-win solution for health and the environment [J]‍. China & World Economy, 2021, 29(6): 34‒52‍.
[19]
全球食物经济与政策研究院‍ . 中国与全球食物政策报告 [R]‍. 北京 : 全球食物经济与政策研究院 , 2022 ‍.
[20]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations‍. Food-based dietary guidelines [EB/OL]‍. [2023-06-15]‍. https: //www‍.fao‍.org/nutrition/nutrition-education/food-dietary-guidelines/en/‍.
[21]
Herforth A, Bai Y, Venkat A, al et‍. Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries [R]‍. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020‍.
[22]
Martini D, Tucci M, Bradfield J, al et‍. Principles of sustainable healthy diets in worldwide dietary guidelines: Efforts so far and future perspectives [J]‍. Nutrients, 2021, 13(6): 1827‍.
[23]
中国营养学会‍ . 中国居民膳食指南科学研究报告 [R]‍. 北京 : 中国营养学会 , 2021 ‍.
[24]
Afshin A, Sur P J, Fay K A, al et‍. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990—2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study [J]‍. The Lancet, 2019, 393: 1958‒1972‍.
[25]
Poore J, Nemecek T‍. Reducing food´s environmental impacts through producers and consumers [J]‍. Science, 2018, 360: 987‒992‍.
[26]
Harrison M R, Palma G, Buendia T, al et‍. A scoping review of indicators for sustainable healthy diets [J]‍. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2022, 5: 822263‍.
[27]
Bach-Faig A, Berry E M, Lairon D, al et‍. Mediterranean diet pyramid today‍. Science and cultural updates [J]‍. Public Health Nutrition, 2011, 14(12A): 2274‒2284‍.
[28]
Meltzer H M, Brantsaeter A L, Trolle E, al et‍. Environmental sustainability perspectives of the nordic diet [J]‍. Nutrients, 2019, 11(9): 2248‍.
[29]
Sasaki S‍. What is the scientific definition of the Japanese diet from the viewpoint of nutrition and health? [J]‍. Nutrition Reviews, 2020, 78: 18‒26‍.
[30]
He Y, Li Y, Yang X, al et‍. The dietary transition and its association with cardiometabolic mortality among Chinese adults, 1982—2012: A cross-sectional population-based study [J]‍. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2019, 7(7): 540‒548‍.
[31]
Zagmutt F J, Pouzou J G, Costard S‍. The EAT-Lancet commission´s dietary composition may not prevent noncommunicable disease mortality [J]‍. The Journal of Nutrition, 2020, 150: 985‒988‍.
[32]
Buckland G, Bach A, Serra-Majem L‍. Obesity and the mediterranean diet: A systematic review of observational and intervention studies [J]‍. Obesity Reviews, 2008, 9(6): 582‒593‍.
[33]
Bendall C L, Mayr H L, Opie R S, al et‍. Central obesity and the mediterranean diet: A systematic review of intervention trials [J]‍. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2018, 58(18): 3070‒3084‍.
[34]
Hatta M, Horikawa C, Takeda Y, al et‍. Association between obesity and intake of different food groups among Japanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus—Japan diabetes clinical data management study [J]‍. Nutrients, 2022, 14(15): 3034‍.
[35]
Imai T, Miyamoto K, Sezaki A, al et‍. Traditional Japanese diet Score—Association with obesity, incidence of ischemic heart disease, and healthy life expectancy in a global comparative study [J]‍. Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging, 2019, 23(8): 717‒724‍.
[36]
Iriti M, Varoni E M, Vitalini S‍. Healthy diets and modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases—The European perspective [J]‍. Foods, 2020, 9(7): 940‍.
[37]
Yu D X, Zhang X L, Xiang Y B, al et‍. Adherence to dietary guidelines and mortality: A report from prospective cohort studies of 134, 000 Chinese adults in urban Shanghai [J]‍. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014, 100(2): 693‒700‍.
[38]
Chen P Y, Fang A P, Wang X L, al et‍. Adherence to the Chinese or American dietary guidelines is associated with a lower risk of primary liver cancer in China: A case-control study [J]‍. Nutrients, 2018, 10(8): 1113‍.
[39]
Mohamed H E, El-Swefy S E, Rashed L A, al et‍. Obesity and neurodegeneration: Effect of a Mediterranean dietary pattern [J]‍. Nutritional Neuroscience, 2010, 13(5): 205‒212‍.
[40]
Marcason W‍. What are the components to the MIND diet [J]‍. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2015, 115(10): 1744‍.
[41]
van de Rest O, Berendsen A A, Haveman-Nies A, al et‍. Dietary patterns, cognitive decline, and dementia: A systematic review [J]‍. Advances in Nutrition, 2015, 6(2): 154‒168‍.
[42]
Chen X, Maguire B, Brodaty H, al et‍. Dietary patterns and cognitive health inolder adults: A systematic review [J]‍. Journal of Azheimer´s Disease, 2019, 67(2): 583‒619‍.
[43]
Wengreen H, Munge R G, Cutler A, al et‍. Prospective study of dietary approaches to stop hypertension-and mediterranean-style dietary patterns and age-related cognitive change: The cache county study on memory, health and aging [J]‍. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013, 98(5): 1263‒1271‍.
[44]
Morris M C, Tangney C C, Wang Y, al et‍. MIND diet associated with reduce dincidence of Alzheimer´s disease [J]‍. Alzheimers & Dementia, 2015, 11(9): 1007‒1014‍.
[45]
Godfray H C J, Aveyard P, Garnett T, al et‍. Meat consumption, health, and the environment [J]‍. Science, 2018, 361(6399): eaam5324‍.
[46]
Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy E J M, al et‍. The impacts of dietary change on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, and health: A systematic review [J]‍. Plos One, 2016, 11(11): e0165797‍.
[47]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development, United Nations International Children´s Emergency Fund, al et‍. The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020: Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets [R]‍. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2020‍.
[48]
Wang J, Sun S, Yin Y, al et‍. Water-food-carbon nexus related to the producer-consumer link: A review [J]‍. Advances in Nutrition, 2022, 13(3): 938‒952‍.
[49]
Zhang M, Feng J C, Sun L, al et‍. Individual dietary structure changes promote greenhouse gas emission reduction [J]‍. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 366: 132787‍.
[50]
Fitton N, Alexander P, Arnell N, al et‍. The vulnerabilities of agricultural land and food production to future water scarcity [J]‍. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 2019, 58: 101944‍.
[51]
Mazac R, Meinila J, Korkalo L, al et‍. Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80% [J]‍. Nature Food, 2022, 3(4): 286‒293‍.
[52]
Thale S, Zessner M, Weigl M, al et‍. Possible implications of dietary changes on nutrient fluxes, environment and land use in Austria [J]‍. Agricultural Systems, 2015, 136: 14‒29‍.
[53]
Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstrom J, al et‍. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet [J]‍. Science, 2015, 347(6223): 1259855‍.
[54]
Westhoek H, Lesschen J P, Rood T, al et‍. Food choices, health and environment: Effects of cutting Europe´s meat and dairy intake [J]‍. Global Environmental Change, 2014, 26(1): 196‒205‍.
[55]
Hirvonen K, Bai Y, Headey D, al et‍. Affordability of the EAT-Lancet reference diet: A global analysis [J]‍. The Lancet Global Health, 2020, 8(1): 59‒66‍.
[56]
Yin J J, Yang D G, Zhang X H, al et‍. Diet shift: Considering environment, health and food culture [J]‍. Science of The Total Environment, 2020, 719: 137484‍.
[57]
van´t Riet J, Sijtsema S J, Dagevos H, al et‍. The importance of habits in eating behaviour‍. An overview and recommendations for future research [J]‍. Appetite, 2011, 57(3): 585‒596‍.
[58]
Malek L, Umberger W J, Goddard E‍. Committed vs‍. uncommitted meat eaters: Understanding willingness to change protein consumption [J]‍. Appetite, 2019, 138: 115‒126‍.
[59]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations‍. Global food losses and food waste—Extent, causes and prevention [R]‍. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011‍.
[60]
Mason-D´Croz D, Bogard J R, Sulser T B, al et‍. Gaps between fruit and vegetable production, demand, and recommended consumption at global and national levels: An integrated modelling study [J]‍. Lancet Planet Health‍. 2019, 3(7): 318‒329‍.
[61]
中国营养学会‍ . 中国居民膳食指南2022 [M]‍. 北京 : 中国营养学会 , 2022 ‍.
[62]
Zhao L J, Liu D, Zhao W H, al et‍. Challenges brought about by rapid changes in Chinese diets: Comparison with developed countries and implications for further improvement [J]‍. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 31(10): 781‒786‍.
[63]
Kearney J‍. Food consumption trends and drivers [J]‍. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B‍‒‍Biological Sciences, 2010, 365(1554): 2793‒2807‍.
[64]
国家卫生健康委疾病预防控制局‍ . 中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告2020 [R]‍. 北京 : 国家卫生健康委疾病预防控制局 , 2020 ‍.
[65]
Yan C J, Su J Y, Lin G X‍. Meta-analysis of zinc deficiency and its influence factors in children under 14-year-old in China [J]‍. Journal of Family Medicine, 2021, 8(5): 1257‍.
[66]
中华人民共和国生态环境部‍ . 中国气候变化第二次两年更新报告2018 [R]‍. 北京 : 中华人民共和国生态环境部 , 2018 ‍.
[67]
刘晓洁 , 贺思琪 , 陈伟强 , 等‍ . 可持续发展目标视野下中国食物系统转型的战略思考 [J]‍. 中国科学院院刊 , 2023 , 38 1 : 112 ‒ 122 ‍.
[68]
He G, Zhao Y, Wang L, al et‍. China´s food security challenge: Effects of food habit changes on requirements for arable land and water [J]‍. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 229: 739‒750‍.
[69]
赵姚阳 , 蒋琳琳 , 王洁‍ . 居民膳食结构变化对中国食物生产用地需求的影响研究 [J]‍. 中国人口·资源与环境 , 2014 , 24 3 : 54 ‒ 60 ‍.
[70]
Liu J G, H H G‍ Savenije. Food consumption patterns and their effect on water requirement in China [J]‍. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2008, 12(3): 887‒898‍.
[71]
许菲 , 白军飞 , 李雷‍ . 食物价格对改善居民膳食结构及降低水资源需求的作用机制 [J]‍. 资源科学 , 2021 , 43 12 : 2490 ‒ 2502 ‍.
[72]
Xue L, Liu X J, Lu S J, al et‍. China´s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts [J]‍. Nature Food, 2021, 2(7): 519‒528.
Funding
Major Projects of the National Social Science Foundation of China “Research on the Transformation of China’s Agri-food System under the New Situation”(22 & ZD085)
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(1099 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/