The coal industry in China urgently needs to seek a low-carbon development path as the country continues to promote its carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. By utilizing the advantages of energy resources in coal mines and achieving material–energy cycle transformation, the utilization efficiency of energy resources can be improved. This study starts from the perspective of efficient utilization of coal mine energy resources, analyzes the current status of coal mine energy resource utilization, and summarizes the challenges and trends of coal mine energy resource utilization. It explores key technologies for the efficient utilization of coal and coal-associated resources, multi-link material‍–‍energy cycle utilization mode in coal mine production, topology construction method for efficient utilization of material‍–‍energy cycle in coal mine under dynamic evolution of resources, and optimization and scheduling techniques for integrated energy systems in coal mines. The development path for the efficient utilization of energy resources in coal mines is expounded by stages. Furthermore, research suggests that policy guidance and technological innovation should be strengthened to promote the efficient utilization of coal, coal-associated resources, and underground space. A coal mine integrated energy microgrid should be built, and the optimal combination of energy sources and the application of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology should be promoted. A fine scheduling platform for coal mine integrated energy microgrid should be developed to promote the safe and efficient utilization of energy resources in coal mines.