As an important component of the new power system, electrochemical energy storage is crucial for addressing the challenge regarding high-proportion consumption of renewable energies and for promoting the coordinated operation of the source, grid, load, and storage sides. As a mainstream technology for energy storage and a core technology for the green and low-carbon transformation of existing energy structures, the electrochemical energy storage technology still needs to be further developed to adapt to the challenges brought about by the rapid growth of energy storage scale and the increasingly complex energy storage system. This study analyzes the demand for electrochemical energy storage from the power supply, grid, and user sides, and reviews the research progress of the electrochemical energy storage technology in terms of strategic layout, key materials, and structural design. Moreover, it clarifies the development trend of electrochemical energy storage technologies and identifies the problems such as inconsistency in product specifications, deficiency in detection platforms, and disconnection between theory and practice. Future efforts need to focus on the following directions: key materials with high performance, high safety, and low cost; optimization and evaluation of the structures of energy storage devices; multi-energy complementary and intelligent design of the energy storage systems; and commercial application modes of electrochemical energy storage. Furthermore, it is necessary to strengthen pilot demonstrations, formulate an industry standards system, improve the infrastructure, and cultivate talent teams for energy storage, thereby ensuring the high-quality development of the electrochemical energy storage technologies and industry.