Collaborative intelligence formed via information and behavioral interactions of multiple autonomous systems is an inevitable trend of future intelligent systems. It is a focus of planning of the next-generation artificial intelligence in China and is crucial for supporting national security and strengthening the manufacturing industry. Research aimed at overcoming bottlenecks regarding collaborative multiple autonomous systems will significantly aid the advancement of intelligent industries and accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading in China. Focusing on the challenge that collaborative multiple autonomous systems cannot adapt to complex tasks, this study thoroughly analyzes the research status and major bottlenecks of collaborative multiple autonomous systems from the aspects of fundamental research and engineering. Using multi-robot collaborative intelligent manufacturing as an example, we provide an in-depth analysis of relevant theoretic and technical problems. Our research indicates that collaborative multiple autonomous systems will inevitably evolve toward human‒machine teaming. To master this opportunity, it is critical to proactively lay the groundwork for the theoretical exploration and technological breakthroughs of human‒machine teaming and to conduct exemplary applications.