PDF(775 KB)
Analysis of Development of China's Cobalt Industry: Current Status, Problems and Countermeasures
Jun Duan, Gang Xu, Zhongli Tang, Haiqing Yan, Juntai Liu, Yangyang Chen, Qi Liu
Strategic Study of CAE ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (3) : 98-107.
PDF(775 KB)
PDF(775 KB)
Analysis of Development of China's Cobalt Industry: Current Status, Problems and Countermeasures
Cobalt is an essential material for the development of the new energy industry. Based on the latest data regarding the cobalt resource industry of China and worldwide, this study analyzes the challenges faced by the development of China's cobalt resource industry from the aspects of cobalt resource endowment, supply-demand situation of cobalt concentrate and refined cobalt, and industry policy. China is the world's largest producer of refined cobalt and largest consumer of cobalt; however, its cobalt resources are extremely scarce and its ultra-high dependence on foreign countries and single source of imports have put China's cobalt resource security at risk. In response to the above problems, we propose the following countermeasures: (1) adopting effective measures to increase China's cobalt reserves; (2) diversifying cobalt import channels to ensure a stable access to overseas cobalt resources; (3) implementing supportive policies to help China-invested overseas enterprises stabilize their production; (4) establishing a cobalt reserve system to improve the cobalt resource guarantee capacity of China; (5) strengthening the comprehensive utilization technologies to increase the amount of available cobalt resources; and (6) emphasizing research of potential cobalt resources, such as sea-floor cobalt resources in ferromanganese nodules and crusts.
cobalt resources / cobalt concentrate / refined cobalt / external dependence / cobalt industry chain
| [1] |
卢宜冠, 郝波, 孙凯, 等. 钴金属资源概况与资源利用情况分析 [J]. 地质调查与研究, 2020, 43(1): 72‒80.
Lu Y G, Hao B, Sun K, et al. General situation of cobalt resource and its utilization analysis [J]. Geological Survey and Research, 2020, 43(1): 72‒80.
|
| [2] |
杨卉芃, 王威. 全球钴矿资源现状及开发利用趋势 [J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2019, 39(5): 41‒49, 55.
Yang H P, Wang W. Global cobalt resources status and exploitation trends [J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2019, 39(5): 41‒49, 55.
|
| [3] |
徐爱东, 陈瑞瑞, 李烁, 等. 镍钴行业发展形势分析及建议 [J]. 中国有色冶金, 2021, 50(6): 9‒15.
Xu A D, Chen R R, Li S, et al. Analysis and suggestions on the development of nickel-cobalt industry [J]. China Nonferrous Metallurgy, 2021, 50(6): 9‒15.
|
| [4] |
王海南, 王礼恒, 周志成, 等. 新兴产业发展战略研究(2035) [J]. 中国工程科学, 2020, 22(2): 1‒8.
Wang H N, Wang L H, Zhou Z C, et al. Development strategy of emerging industries (2035) [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2020, 22(2): 1‒8.
|
| [5] |
丰成友, 张德全, 党兴彦. 中国钴资源及其开发利用概况 [J]. 矿床地质, 2004, 23(1): 93‒100.
Feng C Y, Zhang D Q, Dang X Y. Cobalt resources of China and their exploitation and utilization [J]. Mineral Deposits, 2004, 23(1): 93‒100.
|
| [6] |
陈甲斌, 刘超, 冯丹丹, 等. 矿产资源安全需要关注的六个风险问题 [J]. 中国国土资源经济, 2022, 35(1): 15‒21, 70.
Chen J B, Liu C, Feng D D, et al. Six risk problems of mineral resources security need to focus on [J]. Natural Resource Economics of China, 2022, 35(1): 15‒21, 70.
|
| [7] |
陈甲斌, 刘超, 聂宾汗, 等. 矿产资源安全需要重点关注十种矿产 [J]. 中国国土资源经济, 2023, 36(5): 14‒21, 41.
Chen J B, Liu C, Nie B H, et al. Focus on ten minerals for mineral resources security [J]. Natural Resource Economics of China, 2023, 36(5): 14‒21, 41.
|
| [8] |
左更. 我国战略性金属矿产资源保供形势分析 [J]. 中国价格监管与反垄断, 2022 (10): 70‒73.
Zuo G. Analysis on the situation of ensuring supply of strategic metal mineral resources in China [J]. Price Supervision and Anti-Monopoly in China, 2022 (10): 70‒73.
|
| [9] |
邢佳韵, 陈其慎, 龙涛, 等. 发达国家战略性矿产安全保障举措及启示 [J]. 自然资源情报, 2023 (1): 28‒36.
Xing J Y, Chen Q S, Long T, et al. Research on critical minerals security strategy of developed countries [J]. Natural Resources Information, 2023 (1): 28‒36.
|
| [10] |
王东方, 王婉君, 陈伟强. 中国战略性金属矿产供应安全程度评价 [J]. 资源与产业, 2019, 21(3): 22‒30.
Wang D F, Wang W J, Chen W Q. Supply security of strategic metal ores in China [J]. Resources & Industries, 2019, 21(3): 22‒30.
|
| [11] |
刘超, 陈甲斌. 全球钴资源供需形势分析 [J]. 国土资源情报, 2020 (10): 27‒33.
Liu C, Chen J B. Analysis of supply and demand situation of global cobalt resources [J]. Land and Resources Information, 2020 (10): 27‒33.
|
| [12] |
李颖, 周艳晶, 张艳飞. 未来全球钴资源供应形势分析 [J]. 中国矿业, 2014, 23(8): 1‒4.
Li Y, Zhou Y J, Zhang Y F. The future supply situation analysis of global cobalt resources [J]. China Mining Magazine, 2014, 23(8): 1‒4.
|
| [13] |
Lusty P A J, Hein J R, Josso P. Formation and occurrence of ferromanganese crusts: Earth's storehouse for critical metals [J]. Elements, 2018, 14(5): 313‒318.
|
| [14] |
U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral commodity summaries 2023 [R]. Washington DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2023.
|
| [15] |
Hein J R, Koschinsky A. Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules 2014 [M]. Holland H D, Turekian K K. Treatiseon geochem istry. Inded. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014: 273‒291.
|
| [16] |
邓贤泽, 任江波, 邓希光, 等. 富钴结壳关键元素赋存状态与富集机理 [J]. 地质通报, 2021, 40(S1): 376‒384.
Deng X Z, Ren J B, Deng X G, et al. Cobalt-rich crust obtains high contents of key elements from seawater: Element absorption and distribution [J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2021, 40(S1): 376‒384.
|
| [17] |
何高文, 孙晓明, 杨胜雄, 等. 太平洋多金属结核和富钴结壳稀土元素地球化学对比及其地质意义 [J]. 中国地质, 2011, 38(2): 462‒472.
He G W, Sun X M, Yang S X, et al. A comparison of REE geochemistry between polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the Pacific Ocean [J]. Geology in China, 2011, 38(2): 462‒472.
|
| [18] |
韦振权, 何高文, 邓希光, 等. 大洋富钴结壳资源调查与研究进展 [J]. 中国地质, 2017, 44(3): 460‒472.
Wei Z Q, He G W, Deng X G, et al. The progress in the study and survey of oceanic cobalt-rich crust resources [J]. Geology in China, 2017, 44(3): 460‒472.
|
| [19] |
赵俊兴, 李光明, 秦克章, 等. 富含钴矿床研究进展与问题分析 [J]. 科学通报, 2019, 64(24): 2484‒2500.
Zhao J X, Li G M, Qin K Z, et al. A review of the types and ore mechanism of the cobalt deposits [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2019, 64(24): 2484‒2500.
|
| [20] |
Schulz K J, DeYoung J H, Seal R R, et al. Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply [R]. Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 2017.
|
| [21] |
Vasyukova O V, Williams-Jones A E. Constraints on the genesis of cobalt deposits: Part II. applications to natural systems [J]. Economic Geology, 2022, 117(3): 529‒544.
|
| [22] |
Williams-Jones A E, Vasyukova O V. Constraints on the genesis of cobalt deposits: Part I. theoretical considerations [J]. Economic Geology, 2022, 117(3): 513‒528.
|
| [23] |
李向前, 毛景文, 闫艳玲, 等. 中非刚果(金)加丹加铜钴矿带主要矿化类型及特征 [J]. 矿床地质, 2009, 28(3): 366‒380.
Li X Q, Mao J W, Yan Y L, et al. Regional geology and characteristics of ore deposits in Katangan copper-cobalt belt within Congo (Kinshasa), Central Africa [J]. Mineral Deposits, 2009, 28(3): 366‒380.
|
| [24] |
覃锋, 郭健, 张雪亭, 等. 赞比亚铜钴矿产分布特征及控矿因素研究 [J]. 矿床地质, 2010, 29(S1): 1129‒1130.
Qin F, Guo J, Zhang X T, et al. Study on distribution characteristics and ore-controlling factors of copper and cobalt minerals in Zambia [J]. Mineral Deposits, 2010, 29(S1): 1129‒1130.
|
| [25] |
孙凯, 张航, 卢宜冠, 等. 中非铜钴成矿带地质特征与找矿前景分析 [J]. 中国地质, 2022, 49(1): 103‒120.
Sun K, Zhang H, Lu Y G, et al. Analysis on geological characteristics and prospecting potential of the Central African Cu-Co metallogenic belt [J]. Geology in China, 2022, 49(1): 103‒120.
|
| [26] |
周艳晶, 梁海峰, 李建武, 等. 钴资源供需格局及全球布局研究 [J]. 中国矿业, 2019, 28(7): 65‒69, 80.
Zhou Y J, Liang H F, Li J W, et al. Supply and demand pattern and overseas layout of cobalt resources [J]. China Mining Magazine, 2019, 28(7): 65‒69, 80.
|
| [27] |
张伟波, 叶锦华, 陈秀法, 等. 全球钴矿资源分布与找矿潜力 [J]. 资源与产业, 2018, 20(4): 56‒61.
Zhang W B, Ye J H, Chen X F, et al. Global cobalt resources distribution and exploration potentials [J]. Resources & Industries, 2018, 20(4): 56‒61.
|
| [28] |
Berger V I, Singer D A, Bliss J D, et al. Ni-Co laterite deposits of the world—Database and grade and tonnage models [R]. Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey, 2011.
|
| [29] |
张洪瑞, 侯增谦, 杨志明, 等. 钴矿床类型划分初探及其对特提斯钴矿带的指示意义 [J]. 矿床地质, 2020, 39(3): 501‒510.
Zhang H R, Hou Z Q, Yang Z M, et al. A new division of genetic types of cobalt deposits: Implications for Tethyan Cobalt-rich belt [J]. Mineral Deposits, 2020, 39(3): 501‒510.
|
| [30] |
U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral commodity summaries 2022 [R]. Washington DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2022.
|
| [31] |
Fisher H. Cobalt market report 2021 [R]. Guildford: Cobalt Institute, 2021.
|
| [32] |
Fisher H. Cobalt market report 2022 [R]. Guildford: Cobalt Institute, 2022.
|
| [33] |
张照伟, 李文渊, 丰成友, 等. 中国钴 ‒ 镍成矿规律与高效勘查技术 [J]. 西北地质, 2022, 55(2): 14‒34.
Zhang Z W, Li W Y, Feng C Y, et al. Study on metallogenic regularity of Co-Ni deposits in China and its efficient exploration techniques [J]. Northwestern Geology, 2022, 55(2): 14‒34.
|
| [34] |
汤中立, 钱壮志, 姜常义, 等. 中国镍铜铂岩浆硫化物矿床与成矿预测 [M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2006.
Tang Z L, Qian Z Z, Jiang C Y, et al. Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits and metallogenic prognosis in China [M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2006.
|
| [35] |
秦克章, 丁奎首, 许英霞, 等. 东天山图拉尔根、白石泉铜镍钴矿床钴、镍赋存状态及原岩含矿性研究 [J]. 矿床地质, 2007, 26(1): 1‒14.
Qin K Z, Ding K S, Xu Y X, et al. Ore potential of protoliths and modes of Co-Ni occurrence in Tulargen and Baishiquan Cu-Ni-Co deposits, East Tianshan, Xinjiang [J]. Mineral Deposits, 2007, 26(1): 1‒14.
|
| [36] |
于晓飞, 公凡影, 李永胜, 等. 中国典型钴矿床地质特征及重点地区矿产资源预测 [J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2022, 52(5): 1377‒1418.
Yu X F, Gong F Y, Li Y S, et al. Geological characteristics of typical cobalt deposits in China and prediction of mineral resources in the key areas [J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2022, 52(5): 1377‒1418.
|
| [37] |
李斌, 杨正萌, 齐岩, 等. 吉林省钴矿矿产资源潜力评价成果报告 [R]. 长春: 吉林省地质调查院, 2019.
Li B, Yang Z M, Qi Y, et al. Report on the evaluation results of cobalt mineral resources potential in Jilin Province [R]. Changchun: Jilin Institute of Geological Survey, 2019.
|
| [38] |
姜曙光. 中国钴产业链物质流分析及二次资源潜力测算 [D]. 烟台: 鲁东大学(硕士学位论文), 2023.
Jiang S G. Material flow analysis and secondary resource potential prediction of China's cobalt industry chain [D]. Yantai: Ludong University (Mester's thesis), 2023.
|
| [39] |
韩见, 陈其慎, 杨雪松, 等. 钴资源现状及未来5—10年供需形势分析 [J]. 中国地质, 2023, 50(3): 743‒755.
Han J, Chen Q S, Yang X S, et al. Current situation of cobalt resources and analysis of supply and demand situation in the next 5-10 years [J]. Geology in China, 2023, 50(3): 743‒755.
|
| [40] |
黄学杰, 赵文武, 邵志刚, 等. 我国新型能源材料发展战略研究 [J]. 中国工程科学, 2020, 22(5): 60‒67.
Huang X J, Zhao W W, Shao Z G, et al. Development strategies for new energy materials in China [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2020, 22(5): 60‒67.
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
AI Summary
