The integrated development of coal and new energy sources is crucial for the smooth transition of China's energy system and the security and stable supply of energy. Considering China's resource endowment and its demand for energy supply security and transformation, this study elaborates on the significance and fundamental conditions regarding the integrated development of coal and new energy sources. Moreover, it summarizes the major forms, technical characteristics, and application status of the integrated development from the aspects of four scenarios: integration of coal mining, coal-fired power generation, coal chemical industry, and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) with new energy sources. Emphasis is placed on five types of technologies: integration of coal development with new energy sources; combined dispatching of wind, solar, thermal, and storage; integration of solar thermal and coal-fired power generation; integration of solar thermal power generation with CCUS; and integration of green hydrogen with the coal chemical industry. Furthermore, this study explores the key technological challenges and breakthrough directions, and proposes the following suggestions: (1) incorporating the integrated development of coal and new energy sources into national strategies; (2) formulating action goals and roadmaps to systematically support the integrated development; (3) strengthening the research and development of technologies regarding coal and new energy sources; and (4) improving fiscal, financial, and talent support policies related to the integrated development.