The period before 2040 is crucial for boosting China's strength in agriculture. Agriculture is the foundation of a country, and the engineering science and technologies in agriculture provide a core support for guaranteeing national food security, revitalizing rural areas in an all-round way, and boosting China's strength in agriculture. Considering the prospect of economic and social development in 2040 and the development trend of engineering science and technologies in agriculture, this study focuses on analyzing the developmental demand for a solid foundation of food security, green agricultural development, and new quality productive forces in agriculture in the next 20 years, and proposes the strategic orientation, general principles, development paths, development goals, and key tasks of engineering science and technology development in agriculture. Furthermore, it proposes the following suggestions: (1) increasing the intensity of investment in agricultural scientific and technological innovation, (2) increasing support for agricultural basic research, (3) enhancing the innovation ability of agricultural enterprises, (4) strengthening the construction of talent teams regarding agricultural science and technologies, (5) accelerating the transformation and application of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, (6) increasing the deployment and construction of agricultural scientific and technological forces at the national level, (7) building a national scientific and technological innovation system, and (8) deepening international agricultural scientific and technological cooperation, so as to comprehensively enhance the independent innovation, international competitiveness, and sustainable development capabilities of agricultural science and technologies and promote high-quality agricultural development.