Engineering science and technologies in the medicine and health care field in China have been developing rapidly in recent years, which has provided technological support for the disease prevention and health industry of the country and made outstanding achievements in many aspects. However, compared with the advanced international level, there remain various problems in this field in China, including the lack of basic research, a low level of precision medicine, lacking innovation in research on new drugs, insufficient capabilities to identify and respond to major epidemic outbreaks, gaps in research on key technologies of medical equipment, and imperfect methods for evaluating the effects of traditional Chinese medicine. This study analyzes the worldwide development trends of engineering science and technologies in the field of medicine and health care, explores the development trends and challenges of the field in China, and proposes the following countermeasures: (1) optimizing talent cultivation and interdisciplinary collaboration by innovating funding evaluation and incentive mechanisms; (2) improving medicine and health-care strategies and systems to create a full-lifecycle health service system; (3) accelerating drug innovation and achievement transformation while strengthening full-lifecycle management; (4) reforming the disease prevention and control system and enhancing public health security management; (5) promoting the innovation and standardization of medical technologies by building key technology platforms; and (6) strengthening the development strategy of traditional Chinese medicine by promoting technological innovation and improving grassroots services. This study aims to promote the engineering and technological level of China's medicine and health care field to a new height and better satisfy people's health needs in China.