The proposal of carbon neutrality has accelerated the process of energy revolution and plays a significant role in promoting the development of emerging energy and building a modern energy system. This study focuses on three key fields: energy saving and carbon emission reduction; construction of a new power system; and carbon capture, storage and utilization. It sorts out nine trends in carbon neutrality worldwide and proposes the development vision and strategic goals for carbon neutrality toward 2040. Moreover, this study analyzes the challenges faced by carbon neutrality and proposes a development path for engineering science and technology in the key fields of carbon neutrality, which involves ten key technologies, nine key tasks, four major engineering projects, and three major science and technology projects. Furthermore, this study proposes four supporting measures: (1) strengthening the implementation and management of an energy-saving priority strategy, (2) promoting the development of advanced scientific instruments and the establishment of scientific platforms, (3) leveraging the role of central enterprises as the main force of innovation, and (3) reinforcing financial and tax support for the technique of carbon capture, utilization and storage, thereby providing references for the scientific research in the key fields of carbon neutrality in China.