Agriculture is the foundation of a nation for achieving high-quality development and ensuring national security. This study establishes an index system for evaluating the construction of a strong agricultural country with Chinese characteristics, clarifies the problems and challenges faced by China, and proposes relevant countermeasures. Research indicates that China has a good foundation in ensuring the supply of agricultural products and enhancing the resilience of the agricultural industry. However, there remain major problems to be addressed regarding the supply of food and important agricultural products, agricultural technologies and equipment, agricultural management systems, resilience of the agricultural industry and supply chains, market competitiveness of agricultural products, and farmer income and rural development. To promote the high-quality development of agriculture in China, this study proposes the following countermeasures: (1) enhancing the supply capacity of China in terms of grain and important agricultural products, (2) improving the level of agricultural technologies and equipment, (3) strengthening the agricultural management system, (4) enhancing the resilience of the agricultural industry, (5) boosting agricultural competitiveness, and (6) promoting the common prosperity of farmers and rural areas.