The beneficiation, smelting and material processing of lithium, beryllium, tantalum, and niobium (Li-Be-Ta-Nb) resources is a core link for ensuring the safe supply of resources in China. In view of the complexity in resource endowment and the ecological fragility in mining areas in China, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of a beneficiation-smelting-material processing technology system for the Li-Be-Ta-Nb resources that adapts to China's resource characteristics. Focusing on the entire Li-Be-Ta-Nb industry chain including resource exploration, ore beneficiation, smelting, and material processing, this study summarizes the situation of Li-Be-Ta-Nb resources as well as the development status of the Li-Be-Ta-Nb beneficiation-smelting-material processing industry in China. Moreover, it analyzes the basic characteristics of contemporary of Li-Be-Ta-Nb beneficiation-smelting-material processing, clarifies the problems existing in Li-Be-Ta-Nb resource exploration and beneficiation-smelting-material processing, and provides the prospect of beneficiation-smelting-material processing and comprehensive utilization of Li-Be-Ta-Nb resources. The key tasks for the beneficiation-smelting-material processing of Li-Be-Ta-Nb resources identified in this study include (1) strengthening exploration efforts in key mining areas, (2) establishing a comprehensive beneficiation-smelting-material processing technology system for co-existing resources of hard-rock lithium mines, (3) achieving breakthroughs in key technologies regarding the clean and efficient extraction of lithium from refractory liquid-lithium resources, (4) improving the production capacity of high-end beryllium, tantalum, and niobium materials, (5) strengthening research on the comprehensive utilization of tailings, and (6) establishing a recycling system for lithium secondary resources. Furthermore, the study proposes the following safeguard measures: (1) strengthening resource exploration, (2) establishing a strategic reserve mechanism, (3) reinforcing the comprehensive utilization of low-grade resources and the technological innovation in high-end materials preparation, (4) providing policy support for beryllium mining, beneficiation, and smelting enterprises, (5) supporting the industrial development in key provinces, (6) establishing centralized smelting plants at the regional level, and (7) encouraging Chinese companies to invest overseas in resource development, thereby promoting the high-quality development of the beneficiation-smelting-material processing and comprehensive utilization of Li-Be-Ta-Nb resources and ensuring the supply security of Li-Be-Ta-Nb resources.