The resource recycling of organic solid wastes in urban and rural areas is crucial for the development of waste-free cities and a circular economy. The carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals proposed by China also impose new and higher requirements for the resource recycling of these multi-source organic solid wastes in urban and rural areas. This study summarizes the basic progress of the resource recycling of multi-source organic solid wastes in urban and rural areas in China from the perspectives of household wastes, sewage sludge, and agricultural wastes, and identifies the prominent problems in overall planning and top-level design, collaborative management and cost mechanism, as well as technological innovation and transformation. Moreover, it proposes three key technical paths for the resource recycling, including multi-source collaborative recycling centered on biological treatment, multi-source collaborative safe disposal centered on thermochemical treatment, and intensive/park-based collaborative disposal of multi-source organic wastes. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed: forming the medium- and long-term overall planning and top-level design for pollution and carbon reduction, strengthening interdisciplinary integration and industry‒university‒research‒application collaboration, and improving the institutional system by establishing a cross-departmental collaborative management system and a market-based pricing mechanism to promote the innovative application of key core technologies and industrial upgrading.