PDF(1790 KB)
Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Industrialization
Yue Wang, Xiaohong Zheng, Dingshan Ruan, Shili Zheng, Hongbin Cao, Changdong Li, Zhi Sun
Strategic Study of CAE ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (5) : 234-247.
PDF(1790 KB)
PDF(1790 KB)
Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Industrialization
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage applications owing to their excellent cycling stability, high safety, and low cost. The continuous increase in market holdings has drawn greater attention to the recycling of used LiFePO4 batteries. However, the inherent value attributes of LiFePO4 are not prominent and the comprehensive recycling technology faces significant barriers; therefore, high-value recovery of used LiFePO4 batteries remains a critical issue in the recycling of LiFePO4 batteries. This study summarizes the retirement and regeneration pathways of LiFePO4 batteries, reviewing the research progress in the regeneration of LiFePO4 cathode wastes from the perspectives of pretreatment and resource regeneration. It concludes that direct regeneration has greater application potentials but remains at an initial research stage while indirect regeneration is suitable for situations with complex raw materials or high-value resource reserves. Focusing on the industrial development of LiFePO4 cathode waste regeneration, this study identifies three key factors for industrialization: prerequisites for development, critical development aspects, and developmental guarantees. It showcases the short-range recycling technology for all components of LiFePO4, along with application cases of production lines at the scale of ten thousand tons. Furthermore, it elaborates on trends in the development of lithium-ion battery recycling technologies, including residual energy detection for retired batteries, intelligent disassembly pretreatment, and direct regeneration of cathode wastes. The challenges faced in the application of LiFePO4 battery recycling technologies include the complexity regarding raw material sources and usage conditions, the removal of various metal impurities, and the upgrading of cathode materials. Furthermore, the study proposes the following development recommendations: (1) establishing standardized management and efficient recovery channels, (2) accelerating breakthroughs in key technologies and their application conversion, and (3) enhancing publicity and promotion efforts to improve market acceptance. These strategies aim to streamline the innovation pathway of LiFePO4 batteries from fundamental research to industrialization, promoting LiFePO4 battery recycling and the green development of related industries.
lithium iron phosphate batteries / recycle / pretreatment / regeneration / industrialization
| [1] |
Bai Y C, Muralidharan N, Sun Y K, et al. Energy and environmental aspects in recycling lithium-ion batteries: Concept of battery identity global passport [J]. Materials Today, 2020, 41: 304‒315.
|
| [2] |
Moseley P T, Garche J. Electrochemical energy storage for renewable sources and grid balancing [M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015.
|
| [3] |
陈国平, 梁志峰, 董昱. 基于能源转型的中国特色电力市场建设的分析与思考 [J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40(2): 369‒379.
Chen G P, Liang Z F, Dong Y. Analysis and reflection on the marketization construction of electric power with Chinese characteristics based on energy transformation [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(2): 369‒379.
|
| [4] |
Wu J W, Zheng M T, Liu T F, et al. Direct recovery: A sustainable recycling technology for spent lithium-ion battery [J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 54: 120‒134.
|
| [5] |
Al-Thyabat S, Nakamura T, Shibata E, et al. Adaptation of minerals processing operations for lithium-ion (LiBs) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries recycling: Critical review [J]. Minerals Engineering, 2013, 45: 4‒17.
|
| [6] |
Kang J Q, Yan F W, Zhang P, et al. Comparison of comprehensive properties of Ni-MH (nickel-metal hydride) and Li-ion (lithium-ion) batteries in terms of energy efficiency [J]. Energy, 2014, 70: 618‒625.
|
| [7] |
Fan C L, Ding C Y, Yang T, et al. Disposal of zinc extraction residues via iron ore sintering process: An innovative resource utilization [J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2024, 31(7): 1636‒1645.
|
| [8] |
Shan M H, Dang C Y, Meng K, et al. Recycling of LiFePO4 cathode materials: From laboratory scale to industrial production [J]. Materials Today, 2024, 73: 130‒150.
|
| [9] |
Kumar J, Neiber R R, Park J, et al. Recent progress in sustainable recycling of LiFePO4-type lithium-ion batteries: Strategies for highly selective lithium recovery [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431: 133993.
|
| [10] |
王玉晴, 俞立严. 4月磷酸铁锂市占率突破70%产业链企业迎来新机遇 [N]. 上海证券报, 2024-05-16(07).
Wang Y Q, Yu L Y. In April, the market share of lithium iron phosphate exceeded 70%, and the industrial chain enterprises welcomed new opportunities [N]. ShangHai Securities News, 2024-05-16(07).
|
| [11] |
Saravanan K, Vittal J J, Reddy M V, et al. Storage performance of LiFe1-xMnxPO4 nanoplates (x=0, 0.5, and 1) [J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2010, 14(10): 1755‒1760.
|
| [12] |
Wu X L, Jiang L Y, Cao F F, et al. LiFePO(4) nanoparticles embedded in a nanoporous carbon matrix: Superior cathode material for electrochemical energy-storage devices [J]. Advanced Materials, 2009, 21(25/26): 2710‒2714.
|
| [13] |
Zhu M Y, Cheng L F, Liu Y, et al. LiFePO4/(C+Cu) composite with excellent cycling stability as lithium ion battery cathodes synthesized via a modified carbothermal reduction method [J]. Ceramics International, 2018, 44(11): 12106‒12111.
|
| [14] |
Dunn J B, Gaines L, Sullivan J, et al. Impact of recycling on cradle-to-gate energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive lithium-ion batteries [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(22): 12704‒12710.
|
| [15] |
Mrozik W, Ali R M, Heidrich O, et al. Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14(12): 6099‒6121.
|
| [16] |
Fahimi A, Ducoli S, Federici S, et al. Evaluation of the sustainability of technologies to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries, based on embodied energy and carbon footprint [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 338: 130493.
|
| [17] |
Gaines L. Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: Research towards a sustainable course [J]. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2018, 17: e00068.
|
| [18] |
Harper G, Sommerville R, Kendrick E, et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles [J]. Nature, 2019, 575(7781): 75‒86.
|
| [19] |
曹学彬. 退役电池快速分选与综合评价方法研究 [D]. 济南: 山东大学(硕士学位论文), 2022.
Cao X B. Study on the method of quick sorting and comprehensive evaluation of retired batteries [D].Jinan: Shandong University (Master's thesis), 2022.
|
| [20] |
崔树辉, 周贺, 黄振兴, 等. 动力电池梯次利用关键技术与应用综述 [J]. 广东电力, 2023, 36(1): 9‒19.
Cui S H, Zhou H, Huang Z X, et al. Review of key technologies and applications of echelon utilization of power batteries [J]. Guangdong Electric Power, 2023, 36(1): 9‒19.
|
| [21] |
米吉福, 范茂松, 汪浩, 等. 退役磷酸铁锂动力电池性能分析研究 [J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(2): 217‒220.
Mi J F, Fan M S, Wang H, et al. Performance study of retired power lithium iron phosphate batteries [J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(2): 217‒220.
|
| [22] |
Chen H P, Zhang T S, Gao Q, et al. Assessment and management of health status in full life cycle of echelon utilization for retired power lithium batteries [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 379: 134583.
|
| [23] |
廖彦舜, 孟祥雷, 黄擎, 等. 经济视角下的锂离子电池回收技术回顾 [J]. 电池, 2023, 53(2): 199‒203.
Liao Y S, Meng X L, Huang Q, et al. Review on Li-ion battery recycle technology from the perspective of economic [J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2023, 53(2): 199‒203.
|
| [24] |
梅简, 裘吕超, 惠洋, 等. 退役磷酸铁锂动力电池性能评估 [J]. 电源技术, 2021, 45(8): 996‒1000.
Mei J, Qiu L C, Hui Y, et al. Performance evaluating of retired lithium iron phosphate power batteries [J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 45(8): 996‒1000.
|
| [25] |
徐懋, 刘东, 王德钊. 退役磷酸铁锂动力电池梯次利用分析 [J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(8): 1227‒1230.
Xu M, Liu D, Wang D Z. Analysis on echelon utilization of retired lithium iron phosphate power battery [J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(8): 1227‒1230.
|
| [26] |
徐艳民. 电动汽车退役锂离子动力电池故障诊断及梯次利用关键技术研究 [D]. 广州: 华南理工大学(博士学位论文), 2018.
Xu Y M. Research on key technologies of fault diagnosis and cascade utilization of retired lithium-ion power batteries for electric vehicles [D].Guangzhou: South China University of Technology (Doctoral dissertation), 2018.
|
| [27] |
贾晓峰, 冯乾隆, 陶志军, 等. 动力电池梯次利用场景与回收技术经济性研究 [J]. 汽车工程师, 2018 (6): 14‒19.
Jia X F, Feng Q L, Tao Z J, et al. Study on the echelon used scenario and technical recycling economy of power battery [J]. Auto Engineer, 2018 (6): 14‒19.
|
| [28] |
潘伟, 黎宇科, 李震彪. 退役磷酸铁锂电池应用于电力储能场景的投资回报期分析 [J]. 汽车纵横, 2019 (9): 52‒54.
Pan W, Li Y K, Li Z B. Analysis of investment return period of decommissioned lithium iron phosphate battery used in power storage scenarios [J]. Auto Review, 2019 (9): 52‒54.
|
| [29] |
李珊. 供需视角下中国动力电池梯次利用现状及展望 [J]. 中国资源综合利用, 2022, 40(5): 122‒126.
Li S. Current situation and prospects of cascade utilization of power batteries in China from the perspective of supply and demand [J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2022, 40(5): 122‒126.
|
| [30] |
谌虹静. 锂离子动力电池剩余寿命预测与退役电池分选方法研究 [D]. 南京: 东南大学(硕士学位论文), 2019.
Chen H J. Research on residual life prediction of lithium-ion power battery and separation method of retired battery [D].Nanjing: Southeast University (Master's thesis), 2019.
|
| [31] |
刘梦宁, 李晓强. 退役磷酸铁锂电池的梯次利用和正极材料回收方法现状 [J]. 人工晶体学报, 2021, 50(11): 2192‒2203.
Liu M N, Li X Q. Review on echelon utilization and recovery methods of cathode materials from retired lithium iron phosphate battery [J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2021, 50(11): 2192‒2203.
|
| [32] |
Zhou Y, Xiao C Q, Yang S, et al. Life cycle assessment of feed grade mono-dicalcium phosphate production in China, a case study [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 290: 125182.
|
| [33] |
Xu D H, Zhong B H, Wang X L, et al. The development road of ammonium phosphate fertilizer in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 41: 170‒175.
|
| [34] |
En-Naji S, Mabroum S, Khatib K, et al. Development of geopolymers from phosphate by-products for thermal insulation applications [J]. Minerals, 2023, 13(12): 1480.
|
| [35] |
Wu Y, Bian X Y, Liu J, et al. Performance improvement and microstructure characterization of cement-stabilized roadbase materials containing phosphogypsum/recycled concrete aggregate [J]. Materials, 2023, 16(19): 6607.
|
| [36] |
Wen L Z, Guan Z W, Liu X M, et al. Effect of binder on internal resistance and performance of lithium iron phosphate batteries [J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2023, 170(5): 050527.
|
| [37] |
Zhang M Y, Wang L, Xu H, et al. Polyimides as promising materials for lithium-ion batteries: A review [J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2023, 15(1): 135.
|
| [38] |
Gao X C, Xia H, Wang X Y, et al. Experimental study on dynamic mechanical characteristics and energy evolution of sandstone under cyclic impact loading [J]. Shock and Vibration, 2022: 4805589.
|
| [39] |
Wang H F, Liu J S, Bai X J, et al. Separation of the cathode materials from the Al foil in spent lithium-ion batteries by cryogenic grinding [J]. Waste Management, 2019, 91: 89‒98.
|
| [40] |
Zhu X H, Ren X Q, Chen J T, et al. One-step regeneration and upgrading of spent LiFePO4 cathodes with phytic acid [J]. Nanoscale, 2024, 16(7): 3417‒3421.
|
| [41] |
张笑天, 徐璐, 黄斌, 等. 废旧磷酸铁锂电池回收利用研究与产业化现状 [J]. 矿产综合利用, 2023 (4): 95‒102, 113.
Zhang X T, Xu L, Huang B, et al. Research and industrialization status of recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries [J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2023 (4): 95‒102, 113.
|
| [42] |
Hu Z L, Zhu N W, Wei X R, et al. Efficient separation of aluminum foil from mixed-type spent lithium-ion power batteries [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 298: 113500.
|
| [43] |
Yang C, Zhang J L, Jing Q K, et al. Recovery and regeneration of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries via a novel pretreatment process [J]. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 2021, 28(9): 1478‒1487.
|
| [44] |
Zhang C Y, Zhu X S, Xie Y Z, et al. Shearing-enhanced mechanical exfoliation with mild-temperature pretreatment for cathode active material recovery from spent LIBs [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023, 458: 131959.
|
| [45] |
Contestabile M, Panero S, Scrosati B. A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 92(1/2): 65‒69.
|
| [46] |
Xu B, Qian D N, Wang Z Y, et al. Recent progress in cathode materials research for advanced lithium ion batteries [J]. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2012, 73(5/6): 51‒65.
|
| [47] |
Tokoro C, Lim S, Teruya K, et al. Separation of cathode particles and aluminum current foil in lithium-ion battery by high-voltage pulsed discharge Part I: Experimental investigation [J]. Waste Management, 2021, 125: 58‒66.
|
| [48] |
Han F, Zhou L, Fang D F, et al. Alkali-enhanced polyvinylidene fluoride cracking to deeply remove aluminum impurities for regeneration of battery-grade lithium iron phosphate [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 483: 148973.
|
| [49] |
Fan M, Meng Q H, Chang X, et al. In situ electrochemical regeneration of degraded LiFePO4 electrode with functionalized prelithiation separator [J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12(18): 2103630.
|
| [50] |
Ji G J, Wang J X, Liang Z, et al. Direct regeneration of degraded lithium-ion battery cathodes with a multifunctional organic lithium salt [J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 584.
|
| [51] |
Jing Q K, Zhang J L, Liu Y B, et al. Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode material by a green and efficient one-step hydrothermal method [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8(48): 17622‒17628.
|
| [52] |
Chen B B, Liu M, Cao S, et al. Regeneration and performance of LiFePO4 with Li2CO3 and FePO4 as raw materials recovered from spent LiFePO4 batteries [J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2022, 279: 125750.
|
| [53] |
Li J, Wang Y, Wang L H, et al. A facile recycling and regeneration process for spent LiFePO4 batteries [J]. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2019, 30(15): 14580‒14588.
|
| [54] |
Zheng S H, Wang X T, Gu Z Y, et al. Direct and rapid regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathodes via a high-temperature shock strategy [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2023, 587: 233697.
|
| [55] |
Zou Y X, Cao J W, Li H, et al. Large-scale direct regeneration of LiFePO4@C based on spray drying [J]. Industrial Chemistry & Materials, 2023, 1(2): 254‒261.
|
| [56] |
Fan M, Chang X, Meng X H, et al. Structural restoration of degraded LiFePO4 cathode with enhanced kinetics using residual lithium in spent graphite anodes [J]. CCS Chemistry, 2023, 5(5): 1189‒1201.
|
| [57] |
Jia K, Ma J, Wang J X, et al. Long-life regenerated LiFePO4 from spent cathode by elevating the d-band center of Fe [J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(5): 2208034.
|
| [58] |
Jin H, Zhang J L, Wang D D, et al. Facile and efficient recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 batteries via air oxidation–water leaching at room temperature [J]. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(1): 152‒162.
|
| [59] |
Liu Z J, Liu G Q, Cheng L L, et al. Ultra-fast mechanochemistry reaction process: An environmentally friendly instant recycling method for spent LiFePO4 batteries [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 335: 126174.
|
| [60] |
卞都成, 刘树林, 孙永辉, 等. 废旧LiFePO4正极材料的循环利用及电化学性能 [J]. 硅酸盐学报, 2015, 43(11): 1511‒1516.
Bian D C, Liu S L, Sun Y H, et al. Recycle of LiFePO4 cathode materials from spent lithium ion batteries and the electrochemical performance [J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2015, 43(11): 1511‒1516.
|
| [61] |
Xu P P, Dai Q, Gao H P, et al. Efficient direct recycling of lithium-ion battery cathodes by targeted healing [J]. Joule, 2020, 4(12): 2609‒2626.
|
| [62] |
Xu Y L, Zhang B C, Ge Z F, et al. Advances and perspectives towards spent LiFePO4 battery recycling [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 140077.
|
| [63] |
Tang D, Ji G J, Wang J X, et al. A multifunctional amino acid enables direct recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode material [J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(5): 2309722.
|
| [64] |
Chen J P, Li Q W, Song J S, et al. Environmentally friendly recycling and effective repairing of cathode powders from spent LiFePO4 batteries [J]. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18(8): 2500‒2506.
|
| [65] |
Sun Q F, Li X L, Zhang H Z, et al. Resynthesizing LiFePO4/C materials from the recycled cathode via a green full-solid route [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 818: 153292.
|
| [66] |
Peng D Z, Wang X W, Wang S B, et al. Efficient regeneration of retired LiFePO4 cathode by combining spontaneous and electrically driven processes [J]. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(11): 4544‒4556.
|
| [67] |
Tarascon J M, Armand M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries [J]. Nature, 2001, 414(6861): 359‒367.
|
| [68] |
Birkl C R, Roberts M R, McTurk E, et al. Degradation diagnostics for lithium ion cells [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 341: 373‒386.
|
| [69] |
Li C L, Du H, Kang Y Q, et al. Room-temperature direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode using the external short circuit strategy [J]. Next Sustainability, 2023, 1: 100008.
|
| [70] |
Zhou S Y, Du J Z, Xiong X S, et al. Direct recovery of scrapped LiFePO4 by a green and low-cost electrochemical re-lithiation method [J]. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(16): 6278‒6286.
|
| [71] |
Zhang B L, Qu X, Chen X, et al. A sodium salt-assisted roasting approach followed by leaching for recovering spent LiFePO4 batteries [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 424: 127586.
|
| [72] |
Li H, Xing S Z, Liu Y, et al. Recovery of lithium, iron, and phosphorus from spent LiFePO4 batteries using stoichiometric sulfuric acid leaching system [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5(9): 8017‒8024.
|
| [73] |
赵莉, 王永志. 回收磷酸铁锂材料金属元素浸出动力学研究 [J]. 中州大学学报, 2021, 38(5): 120‒123.
Zhao L, Wang Y Z. Study on leaching kinetics of metal elements in recovered LiFePO4 [J]. Journal of Zhongzhou University, 2021, 38(5): 120‒123.
|
| [74] |
祝宏帅, 张欢, 袁中直, 等. 废磷酸铁锂全组分资源化及杂质定向控制 [J]. 高校化学工程学报, 2021, 35(2): 380‒388.
Zhu H S, Zhang H, Yuan Z Z, et al. Total component recycling and impurity directional control of waste lithium iron phosphate [J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 2021, 35(2): 380‒388.
|
| [75] |
Hu G R, Gong Y F, Peng Z D, et al. Direct recycling strategy for spent lithium iron phosphate powder: An efficient and wastewater-free process [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2022, 10(35): 11606‒11616.
|
| [76] |
Li P W, Luo S H, Zhang L, et al. Study on efficient and synergistic leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium iron phosphate using the phosphoric acid-oxalic acid system [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2022, 303: 122247.
|
| [77] |
Yan g Y X, Zheng X H, Cao H B, et al. A closed-loop process for selective metal recovery from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries through mechanochemical activation [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5(11): 9972‒9980.
|
| [78] |
Wang X J, Zheng S L, Zhang Y, et al. Sulfuric acid leaching of ball-milling activated FePO4 residue after lithium extraction from spent lithium iron phosphate cathode powder [J]. Waste Management, 2022, 153: 31‒40.
|
| [79] |
Jin H, Zhang J L, Yang C, et al. Selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 battery via a self-catalytic air oxidation method [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 460: 141805.
|
| [80] |
Qu X, Ma J Y, Zhang B L, et al. Fast ammonium sulfate salt assisted roasting for selectively recycling degraded LiFePO4 cathode [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 435: 140428.
|
| [81] |
Zhang J F, Zou J T, He D, et al. Molten salt infiltration–oxidation synergistic controlled lithium extraction from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: An efficient, acid free, and closed-loop strategy [J]. Green Chemistry, 2023, 25(15): 6057‒6066.
|
| [82] |
Lai Y M, Zhu X Q, Xu M, et al. Recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries by oxidizing roasting: Kinetic analysis and thermal conversion mechanism [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(5): 110799.
|
| [83] |
Wang W Q, Han Y, Zhang T, et al. Alkali metal salt catalyzed carbothermic reduction for sustainable recovery of LiCoO2: Accurately controlled reduction and efficient water leaching [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, 7(19): 16729‒16737.
|
| [84] |
Liu K, Liu L L, Tan Q Y, et al. Selective extraction of lithium from a spent lithium iron phosphate battery by mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation [J]. Green Chemistry, 2021, 23(3): 1344‒1352.
|
| [85] |
Zhang Q Y, Fan E S, Lin J, et al. Acid-free mechanochemical process to enhance the selective recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023, 443: 130160.
|
| [86] |
Jiang Y Z, Chen X P, Yan S X, et al. Mechanochemistry-induced recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for synergistic treatment of mixed cathode powders [J]. Green Chemistry, 2022, 24(15): 5987‒5997.
|
| [87] |
Bolm C, Hernández J G. Mechanochemistry of gaseous reactants [J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Editon in English), 2019, 58(11): 3285‒3299.
|
| [88] |
Liu K, Tan Q Y, Liu L L, et al. Acid-free and selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries via a mechanochemically induced isomorphic substitution [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(16): 9781‒9788.
|
| [89] |
Li R Q, Li Y J, Dong L P, et al. Study on selective recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powder by electrochemical method [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 310: 123133.
|
| [90] |
Yang Y P, Zhang J L, Zhang H, et al. Simultaneous anodic de-lithiation/cathodic lithium-embedded regeneration method for recycling of spent LiFePO4 battery [J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2024, 65: 103081.
|
| [91] |
Zhu G H, Yu D W, Foka M E, et al. Powder electrolysis for direct selective lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 materials [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 199: 107282.
|
| [92] |
Yan J, Qian J, Li Y, et al. Toward sustainable lithium iron phosphate in lithium-ion batteries: Regeneration strategies and their challenges [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024: 2405055.
|
| [93] |
Tian X, Ma Q Y, Xie J L, et al. Environmental impact and economic assessment of recycling lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes: Comparison of major processes in China [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024, 203: 107449.
|
| [94] |
Zhang Q, Tang Y Y, Bunn D, et al. Comparative evaluation and policy analysis for recycling retired EV batteries with different collection modes [J]. Applied Energy, 2021, 303: 117614.
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
AI Summary
