Accelerating the cultivation and development of new-quality productivity and promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of development methods are inevitable paths to achieving high-quality socio-economic development. The cultivation and development of new-quality productivity are highly dependent on chemicals, especially given that many emerging industries extensively use chemicals, which has led to the emergence of new pollutants. These new pollutants originate from various sources and pose hidden environmental risks, posing serious threats to the ecological environment and human health. This study reviews the current situation and challenges of emerging contaminant control in the context of new-quality productivity, proposes a framework for emerging contaminant control, and offers governance suggestions from two aspects: priority issues and supporting measures. The research results indicate that multiple challenges exist in the control of emerging contaminants, including high dependence on chemicals, new pollutions, prominent waste-disposal issues, international trade barriers, and difficulties in substitution of high-risk chemicals. The priority issues for emerging contaminant control include strengthening investigation and supervision, promoting risk assessment, achieving breakthroughs in alternative technologies, and improving end-of-pipe treatment. Meanwhile, supporting measures should be deployed in strengthening scientific and technological innovation, formulating normative guidelines, and increasing regulatory efforts.