In the context of carbon neutrality, hydrogen energy has become a cornerstone of the clean energy transition actively promoted by governments worldwide. Analyzing the industrial deployment and supply chain dynamics of the hydrogen energy sector holds substantial values for advancing its industrialization, commercialization, and innovation in China. Drawing on supply chain research methodologies, this study systematically deconstructs the phased development and evolving trends of the global hydrogen energy industry. By identifying key breakthroughs across the upstream, midstream, and downstream segments of the hydrogen supply chain, the study comprehensively analyzes the current structure and operational landscape of the hydrogen supply chain while proposing targeted optimization strategies and policy recommendations. The findings indicate that the development trajectory of the hydrogen energy supply chain follows a progressive pattern of "development→optimization→expansion," with its evolution driven by a sequential pathway of "technological integration→infrastructure development→market expansion." To accelerate China's hydrogen energy transition, this study recommends establishing a Yangtze River Hydrogen Energy Corridor infrastructure system centered on production, storage, and transportation; developing national hydrogen energy hubs that encompass production, transportation, distribution, and supply; optimizing the hydrogen supply chain and fostering industrial innovation; strengthening technological advancements in green hydrogen production; and actively participating in global hydrogen energy innovation.