The ongoing technological revolution and industrial transformation not only provide robust momentum and a supportive platform for societal development, but also introduce a series of new risks to national security and urban safety governance. These new urban risks are characterized by unfamiliarity, high uncertainty, and dynamic evolution, and the research system for traditional urban risks can no longer meet the needs of new risk governance, necessitating a research paradigm and knowledge system for new urban risks. This study analyzes the conceptual evolution and research status of new urban risks in China and abroad, and examines the challenges faced in current new risk governance. Based on the “risk source‒risk exposure‒mitigation force” theory for urban safety, it constructs an identification and classification framework for new urban risks, and from the perspective of driving factors, proposes seven major types of new urban risks that need attention at present, namely climate change, new material, new energy, new information technology, new biomedicine, new spatial structure, and new business form risks. To address the challenges brought by these new urban risks, the study suggests strengthening top-level design to deepen theoretical research; enhancing crisis awareness to build a new risk working mechanism; promoting the coordinated evolution of technological innovation and risk governance while balancing safety and development; and improving the standards system to establish a multi-subject collaborative governance framework, thereby promoting the construction of safe and resilient cities.