The intelligent construction of water conservancy projects is a product of in-depth integration of digital technologies with conventional water conservancy projects. Its core value is reflected not only in the innovation of technical tools, but more importantly in promoting the upgrading of industry paradigms through the reconstruction of theoretical systems, thereby helping the water conservancy industry achieve its leap from “conventional construction” to “smart services.” This study expounds on the basic concepts of intelligent construction of water conservancy projects, including its definition, core characteristics, and evolution. It examines the cognitive thinking, methodological logic, and practical framework of intelligent construction of water conservancy projects from the perspectives of systems philosophy and artificial intelligence (AI) philosophy. Moreover, the study constructs a theoretical system from the perspectives of complex systems theory, data science, systems engineering, and coordination of these three aspects. Specifically, the complex systems theory provides a cognitive paradigm for analyzing the complexity of water conservancy projects; principles of data science constitute the “engine” for intelligent decision-making in these projects; and systems engineering methods support the lifecycle collaboration of the projects. Furthermore, it proposes a technical system that covers elements such as intelligent perception, data fusion and analysis, intelligent decision-making and control, intelligent construction equipment, lifecycle collaboration, intelligent materials, and green construction, and clarifies the functions and logical relationships of these technologies. Looking forward, practical actions can be taken in the following aspects: expanding the depth and breadth of interdisciplinary integration, deepening the integration of data-driven and physical mechanisms, improving the adaptability of AI technology to complex working conditions, realizing the integration of design ‒ construction ‒ operation digital models, and promoting the standardization of intelligent construction technologies. These efforts will provide solid support for improving the national water security and sustainable development of China.