The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed to "build a diversified food supply system." Against the backdrop of population growth, tightening resource constraints, and continuous upgrading of residents' food consumption structure, the greater food approach provides new ideas for ensuring food security in the context of a large population and limited land and agricultural conditions. This study aims to systematically analyze the current situation and potentials of China's diversified food supply system under the greater food approach, identify the challenges faced in development, and propose basic ideas and suggestions for constructing a diversified food supply system. Research has found that China's production capacity for grain, cash crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, aquatic products, and forest and grass foods has significantly increased over the long term. However, it still faces multiple challenges such as tightening resource constraints, imbalanced supply and demand structures, high dependence on imported protein feed, and insufficient development of forest and grass resources. Nevertheless, through the exploration of spatial potentials between cultivated and non-cultivated land, utilization of non-grain feed resources, optimization of planting and breeding structures, and graded development of forest and grass resources, major food categories have significant potentials for increased production in the future. Therefore, this study proposes the basic idea of constructing a diversified food supply system that should be demand-oriented, adhere to food security and ecological protection, and promote the expansions of space, resources, and industries. The research suggests that we should optimize the structure and spatial layout of food production, strengthen scientific and technological empowerment, expand the boundaries of food sources, and improve the risk management system, thus to improve the diversity, stability, and sustainability of China's food supply system, and provide a solid support for strengthening the agricultural and healthcare sectors of China.