Medical robotics are a strategic frontier in global high-end medical equipment. Integrated with advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and brain‒computer interfaces, they become a key component of new-quality productive forces in the medical industry. A comprehensive understanding of the research landscape in core technologies of medical robotics will facilitate targeted advancements in China's medical robotics industry, thereby strengthening its technological competitiveness. Through multi-dimensional analysis, this study summarizes advances in surgical, rehabilitation, diagnostic, and other medical robots, and analyzes core technologies including structural design, motion control, sensory feedback, information processing and navigation, remote communication and human‒robot interaction, and AI-assisted diagnostics. The key development directions are identified as follows: intelligent and autonomous systems, miniaturization and flexible design, multimodal interactive and remote capabilities, and system integration and ecosystem synergy. Relevant research findings have delineated the development trajectory and overall trends in medical robotics technologies, offering a theoretical foundation and decision-making support for establishing a self-sufficient and controllable medical equipment industry system, thereby enhancing the core competitiveness of medical science and technologies.