The manufacturing innovation system serves as a systematic guarantee for enhancing the core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry and achieving high-level self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology. Building an independent, efficient, and collaborative manufacturing innovation system is crucial for advancing new industrialization and strengthening the manufacturing sector of China. This study reviews the development process and achievements of China's manufacturing innovation system from 2015 to 2025. Research indicates that over the past decade, China's manufacturing innovation system has undergone a systematic evolution from a theoretical blueprint to practical construction. The innovation pathway is transitioning from "introduction, digestion, absorption, and re-innovation" to "independent innovation," shifting from "following" to "running in parallel," with some areas having entered a "leading" stage. Significant achievements have been made in enhancing comprehensive strength, strengthening the dominant role of enterprises, constructing networked platforms, and optimizing the systemic environment. Simultaneously, this study analyzes the historic opportunities and severe challenges facing the development of China's manufacturing innovation system in the next decade (2026—2035). The developmental opportunities arise from the convergence of disruptive technological transformations and China's systemic advantages, while challenges stem from external technological containment and internal transformation bottlenecks. Looking ahead, the study proposes that future manufacturing innovation systems will evolve toward a modern paradigm characterized by "data-driven development, network-based collaboration, ecosystem symbiosis, and people-centric development." Furthermore, pathways for constructing China's manufacturing innovation system are proposed, focusing on consolidating foundational sources, activating core entities, optimizing platform networks, strengthening factor support, and transforming innovation models. This study aims to provide theoretical references and practical approaches for advancing new industrialization and strengthening the manufacturing sector of China.