The manufacturing industry is the pillar of a country. Strengthening advanced manufacturing, promoting new-type industrialization, and accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system anchored by advanced manufacturing are crucial for advancing Chinese-style modernization and fostering future strategic advantages. This study expounds on the core content and strategic values of the modern manufacturing industrial system. Based on understanding the new situation of global industrial transformation, it summarizes the progress and achievements of China's manufacturing industry in the past decade from three dimensions: industrial structure optimization, security and resilience guarantee, and coordinated regional development. In light of the practical conditions of the next stage in building a modern manufacturing industrial system, it proposes targeted key tasks, deployment directions, and development suggestions. To accelerate the construction of a modern manufacturing industrial system, actions can be taken in four aspects: (1) promoting industrial structure optimization, strengthening emerging industries, planning future industries, and fostering pillar industries; (2) enhancing security and resilience by utilizing the new national system to develop core technologies, forging advantageous industries, and cultivating first-class enterprises; (3) deepening regional coordination, building new industrial competitive advantages through cluster development, and gradually upgrading national advanced manufacturing clusters into world-class advanced manufacturing clusters; (4) promoting the upgrading of the industrial foundation and the modernization of the industrial chain to support the construction of a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone.