Aeronautical and astronautical engineering exemplifies national strategic emerging industries. Its system development builds upon industrial foundations to propel the comprehensive upgrade of the technological and manufacturing ecosystem. This study reviews the representative achievements in China's aeronautical and astronautical engineering over the past decade, evaluates the industrial landscape and technological evolution, and proposes strategic measures for high-quality development. Progress is highlighted in two main sectors. In the aeronautical sector, highlights include the generational upgrade and systematic exploration of military aircraft, the independent development and commercial operation of civil aircraft, the core technology breakthroughs and support capability construction of propulsion, and the development and intelligent evolution of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. In the astronautical sector, achievements include the world-renowned feats of major engineering projects, launch vehicle capabilities leaping to the global forefront, satellite and application systems reaching international advanced levels, and the development of commercial spaceflight. Future development directions include: efficiency enhancement and configuration diversification of aircraft; high-efficiency, low-carbon, and multi-mode fusion of propulsion; intelligent connectivity, electrification, and integration of airborne systems; material innovation, intelligent manufacturing, and software ecosystem development in industrial technologies; all-domain perception, ubiquitous interconnection, and artificial intelligence (AI) empowerment in advanced enabling technologies; along with airline-like space access, cloud‒network-based space utilization, and all-domain space exploration. Finally, strategic actions are suggested in the following areas: constructing digital-empowered forward design capabilities; establishing a flexible, high-efficiency, and intelligent manufacturing system; developing resilient industrial clusters; improving regulatory frameworks adapted to new business formats and participating in international standards formulation; and strengthening engineering-oriented research.