High-end computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools and robots, as fundamental, strategic, and enabling industries, are among the ten key areas proposed in the strategy for boosting China's strength in manufacturing development. To better understand the current development status of and outline development paths for China's high-end CNC machine tool and robot industries in the new era, this study reviews the achievements of the industries over the past decade. It is believed that since the proposal of the strategy for boosting China's strength in manufacturing development, the high-end CNC machine tool and robot industries of the country have achieved leapfrog development, with their comprehensive strength ranking among the top of the second echelon globally, and their competitiveness and influence in the global market have been continuously enhanced. Looking forward to the new opportunities and challenges faced by the development of high-end CNC machine tools and robots in the future, it is proposed that we should actively explore unconventional measures in areas such as scientific innovation, technological breakthroughs, scenario integration, and ecosystem construction, to accelerate the innovative breakthrough, integrated development, and integrated application of high-end CNC machine tools and robots. This will ensure that by 2035, China's machine tool industry as a whole will enter world's advanced ranks and its robot industry will enter world's leading ranks, thereby laying a solid foundation for the realization of new industrialization and the strengthening of China's manufacturing sector.