Energy-saving and new-energy vehicles have become the common choice of countries around the world to address climate change and achieve the green and low-carbon development in road mobility. The energy-saving and new-energy vehicle industry of China has achieved historic achievements over the past decade. In the next decade, it is necessary to consistently promote high-quality industrial development, consolidate and expand the leading advantages of the industry, and move faster to boost China's strength in automobile development. This study summarizes the major achievements and experiences of China's energy-saving and new-energy vehicle industry over the past decade in terms of industrial scale, technological breakthroughs, industrial chain construction, enterprise cultivation, and globalization. It analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by the industry in the next decade, and identifies the constraints existing in key technologies, industrial structure, and basic support. Moreover, the study proposes an overall thinking and key measures for promoting the high-quality development of China's energy-saving and new-energy vehicle industry in the next decade, providing theoretical support and practical references. In the next decade, the energy-saving and new-energy vehicle industry of China should adhere to the integrated development of technological and industrial innovation, thus to build a global hub for automotive technology innovation in China; promote the full implementation of new technologies, models, and business models; accelerate the intelligent transformation of the entire industry; innovate industrial management models and operation methods; and achieve international development under a new type of competition-cooperation relationship.