During the long-term large-scale development of China’s mineral resources, a vast three-dimensional space both above and under the ground has been formed. Accelerating the energy-oriented and low-carbon utilization of the three-dimensional space of mines is conducive to supporting the green and low-carbon transformation of the mining industry and building a new energy system. This is also crucial for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals as well as ensuring national energy security. This study defines the concept of a three-dimensional space in mines and expounds on the implications of energy-oriented and low-carbon utilization. The current scales and future potentials of various spaces in China’s mines are calculated, and the potentials for energy-oriented and low-carbon utilization approaches such as wind and solar power generation, carbon sequestration, and carbon storage are further calculated. Based on the major characteristics of the three-dimensional spaces of mines, the study summarizes five typical utilization modes, namely energy development, energy storage, resource reserve, green expansion and carbon reduction, as well as “science, education, culture, health, and tourism” development. It also analyzes the current utilization status and problems, and proposes a strategic concept with an overall approach and stage objectives. Moreover, the study establishes a strategic framework consisting of “five utilization” paths, including storage and utilization of strategic resources, direct utilization of energy resources, conversion and utilization of power generation and energy storage, carbon reduction‒zero carbon‒negative carbon utilization, as well as integrated and collaborative utilization. An energy-oriented and low-carbon utilization technology system covering spatial exploration and assessment, restoration and management, energy-oriented utilization, low-carbon utilization, and safety assurance is established. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed, including deepening the preliminary survey of three-dimensional space resources in mines, clarifying spatial ownership, improving the planning system, strengthening support for scientific and technological innovation, and constructing key demonstration projects.