The large aircraft industry chain is the foundation of large aircraft manufacturing capabilities, an important guarantee for the development of modern transportation and the national economy, and a significant symbol of a country's industrial strength and technological innovation level. In the new global political and economic environment, China's large aircraft supply chain is facing bottleneck risks, and strengthening the independent construction of China's large aircraft industry chain becomes urgent. This study explores the significance of the large aircraft industry chain, reviews the evolution of the global large aircraft industry chain, and elaborates on the hierarchical structure of the industry chain and its current supporting ecosystem, centering on three core components: air-frame structure, air-engine, and airborne systems. In response to emerging global trends, we analyze the risks in the large aircraft industry chain and the necessity for independent development, and further identify the key technologies and their research directions critical for establishing an independent large aircraft industry chain. Given the complexity, long-term nature, and arduousness of the independent development of the large aircraft industry chain, it is recommended to increase national policy support and guidance, leverage the sustained commitment of the national system, plan independent projects for systematic promotion, and increase industry support for tiered cultivation.