The Arctic and Antarctic is a significant component in the earth system. There are increasing evidences showing that the interaction between human and the earth has become a driving force to the global change. The polar system has been playing an important role as a magnifier and an indicator to the global change. In the period of exchange between the old and the new century, researches on the Arctic and Antarctic system science represent a giant science era. The Arctic and Antarctic system science is not only studying operational mechanism, order, and controlling principle in the response and feedback of the Arctic and Antarctic system to the global change to provide scientific bases for regional complexity and the global change forecasting, but it is also a systematic engineering science to study high innovative technological utility and to improve human's understanding the nature as well as to effectively manage the polar system. In the past 20 years, through the effert by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic National Research Expedition, Chinese scientists have obtained a further knowledge about the polar system complexity under the global change and the development and management of polar science expedition.