Since the reform and opening-up, ophthalmic resources have rapidly developed in China. On the basis of latest data, this article mainly introduces the present clinical and experimental studies in China on common blinding eye diseases of cataract, cornea, refractive error, vitreous & retina and glaucoma. Great progress has been made in clinical diagnosis and treatment with state-of-the-art ophthalmic equipment and internationally renowned experts in part of cities. However, the difference in overall ophthalmic level between China and developed countries is still pronounced. Main facilities are totally dependent upon importation from abroad. Experimental eye research is facing challenges as well. It requires more policy and financial supports to realize great breakthrough in this frontier.
The entry of WTO has brought about a far-reaching influence on the development of agriculture in China. The new opportunities and challenges after China entering into WTO should be precisely seized and effective countermeasures and policies should be taken to fully exert comparative and potential advantages of agriculture in China,so as to push forward vigorously sustainable and smooth development of the overall national economy.
At first, Qian Xuesen´s treatises about technological science are presented in this paper. Technological science emphasizes particularly opening out the mechanism of the phenomenon, levels and relations and abstracting the principles, laws and methods applied at large in the field of engineering technology. Technological science drives the rapid progress of the engineering technology, as a bridge between the scientific discovery and the industry development. The characteristics of the development of recent technological science from the development of the information science are emphasized. (1) The development of technological science has extended to researching the law in the field of information from researching the law in the fields of matter and energy. (2) The infiltrating to basic science from information science has formed the new hotspot in technological science. (3) Information science has greatly improved the research environment for the traditional technological science. (4) Information theory, control theory and operation research form together the lever of the technological science of system science. The social values of the technological science are farther discussed from the aspects of the applied value, cultural value and spirit value.
Beijing 2008 Olympic Games is promised to be the one most safe. This paper demonstrates that the safety and calamity prevention are the key factor to ensure the “first class Olympic Games”，based on the analysis of the sustainable development of the planning design of the facilities for Beijing Olympic Games. This paper also makes a research on the concept of the planning design for “safe Olympics”.
The significance of metals recycling is elucidated. The present situation and the sale markets of aluminium recycling industry are introduced. The economic scale as a central concern and the gradual change of the product structure of A1 scrap recycling are pointed out. Wrought A1 alloy billet will become an important product. The paper holds that market demand and technical innovation are the two main motive powers for the development of secondary aluminium industry.
Nanotechnology is a research and development hot spot nowadays. In this paper a short introduction of nanoscience and nanotechnology was given. Nano-measurement and nano-machining play a very important and key role in the nanoscience and nanotechnology. Conventional electron microscope is a major nano-measuring instrument. Newly developed scanning probe microscope and focused ion beam-electron beam (dual beam) equipment are two types of powerful nano-measuring instruments and nano-machining tools. Its present state, prospect and market in the world as well as in China were described briefly.
The first-two Chinese prototype transmission electron microscopes were constructed in 1958-1959 in Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS. Beijing Scientific Instrument R & D Center (KYKY) developed the first domestic scanning electron microscope. According to a survey in 1996-1997 there were 1 921 electron microscopes including 756 transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and 1 165 scanning electron microscopes (SEM) in China at that time. Of these 1 921 TEMs and SEMs, 1006 were domestic production (mostly medium-and low-grade electron microscopes) accounting for 52.4 % of the market, and 915 instruments were imported (47.6 %). Beijing Scientific Instrument R & D Center, CAS (KYKY Technology Development LTD) , Shanghai electron-Optical Technology Research Institute and Jiangnan Optical Instrument Plant produced more than 95 % of these 1 006 home-made electron microscopes. The first domestic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was completed in 1987 in Beijing Open Laboratory of Electron Microscopy under CAS. Since then more than one hundred scanning probe microscopes of various types have been constructed in China. The Chinese electron microscope and scanning probe microscope production should be improved and enlarged to cover the progressively increasing demand of research and development work in China.
This paper systematically reviews the history and background of large UAV * s development in China, which includes the first developed simulated target drone, all kinds of substantial pilotless drone and the developing unmanned attack air vehicle. The main technical difficulties and key technologies applied are introduced in detail. The developing journey of all kinds of unmanned air vehicle is formulised. In the end, the importance and development of UCAV in China are also previewed, analysed and plotted.
The Yangbajing Geothermal Field is one of non-volcanic high-temperature geothermal fields. The Yangbajing convective system consists of two reservoirs at different depth. The shallow reservoir is constitued of loose alluvium of Quanternary and altered granite of Himalaya. Temperature inside the shallow reservoir is in the range of 150〜165℃ at the depth of 180〜280 m. Shallow thermal water is of sodium chlorite type and mixture of deep hot water and cold groundwater. The deep reservoir is in a slip-fault zone of the core complex. It is a veinor zone-shape reservoir. The deep reservoir can be divided into two parts. The upper parts of temperature 251℃ is at depths ranging from 950m to 1350 m. The lower part is below 1850 m , in which the measured temperature is as high as 329℃ . The deep thermal water is of sodium chlorite type, too. Carbon dioxide-is a major non-condensate gas in the shallow and deep reservoir.
Sustained and deepened aridization process in northwest China in Tertiary and Quaternary period and time of mankind history is discussed in the paper. The rain-creased function of 3 set high mountain condensation systems in northwest China is recognized once more. A sandstorm happened in March 20 this year in Alxa and Ejin(Qi) areas was very strong and arrived in Jappen and Korea. For saving Alxa area from sandstorm a way of introducing sea water from Bohai to Alxa had been proposed. Four problems are replied in this paper. In couclusion, introducing sea water from Bohai Sea to west China is the best way for sustainable development of west China.
This paper discusses the macroscopic and important problem in the field of KDD. First, it is very difficult to describe the complex type data by general knowledge representation method. So the authors use pattern, which is defined as the vector in Hilbert Space, to represent the characteristic of complex type data. It also can be used to describe the rule of knowledge discovery. Second, the general structure model is constructed based on complex type data—DFSSM (discovery feature sub-space model ) following by the research on inner mechanism of knowledge discovery system. At last, the authors prove the practicability and validity of this general structure model i. e. DFSSM which can guide the knowledge discovery of textual data and image data (meteorological echogram data). It will beapplied in other complex type data in future.
Management on the jointly discharging of overtopped cofferdam is a typical semi-structured problem. So a decision support system is designed to address the management on the jointly discharging of overtopped cofferdam. This paper introduces systematically the structural framework, design principle, decisionmaking mode, and fundamental function of CDDSS. The system consists of four components： database subsystem, model base subsystem, graphics base subsystem, method base subsystem, and user-interface. A CDDSS is a man-machine interactive system,which integrates computer science and technology with the theory and method of systems science, management science and the theory and method of hydraulic and electric engineering. The case study illustrates that the friendly window-based user interface of the system enables the decision maker/user to take full advantage of the capabilities of the system in order to make effective real-time decisions.
After discussion on the mechanism of polymer particle nucleation and growth in inverse microemulsion polymerization, a schematic physical model for polymerization of acrylamide in inverse microemulsions was presented. Furthermore, several key problems in mathematically modeling of inverse microemulsion polymerization were pointed out.
In this paper the research results of ultrafine technology of microstructure for iron and steel in recent years were summarized. The condition to be used for every ultrafine technology was also discussed. The research results by the authors were introduced.
Based on the reliability and life management on aeroengines used in army in western countries, the basic elements of aeroengine reliability and life management are expatiated, and the differences and errors about reliability in China are discussed. The reason that the reliability and life management lag behind is pointed out, for example, outmoded management concept, inadequate management system, weak groundwoork, imperfect standard Finally, the paper points out the proper way to construct and improve the reliability and life managtment in China.
Technical project risk management has always been given great concern by the Department of Defense of the United States of America (DoD). This paper systematically introduces risk matrix and its application, which is one of the most popular risk management technologies in the field of DoD acquisition projects risk management. As a conclusion, this paper evaluates the usability of risk matrix when to be used to assess and mitigate technical project risks in China, and delivers a framework of risk matrix application in high-tech project risk management.
This Issue
Jan 2003, Volume 5 Issue 1