This paper, retrospecting the long process of human history, especially the social development of the world since the industrial revolution, makes a comprehensive and objective analysis on the historical role, present situation and future trend of the manufacturing industry and puts forward significant suggestions on policy-making for industrilization and modernization drive in China. It is state that manufacturing industry, especially equipment manufacturing is the pillar of industrialization, the major stage for technical advancement, the foundation of the sustainable development of the national economy, the key edge for international competition, and the guarantee of national security. There is still a wide gap between China and the developed countries in many sectors of industry. Due to the existing unequal and unjust world order, it is impossible for China, as a developing country, to realize industrialization and modernization without its own powerful manufacturing industry. To realize mechanization, automation, informatization and intelligent control in all sectors of national economy and social life is the great mission and onerous task of China's engineering community in the 21st century, china's own powerful and advanced manufacturing industry must be built by all means and utmost efforts in the favorable conditions of reform and opening-up.
Three kinds of international constellation communication system are introduced in this paper, and the constitution, configuration, function, and existing problems of some representative systems are analyzed. The paper discusses the development and trend of the satellite communication system, and then some viewpoints on developing mobile satellite communication system are put forward.
This report points out that the flower enterprise is a promising enterprise, growing up continuously and becoming better and better. The author then compares and analyses differences and commonalities between the Chinese flower enterprise and the world flower enterprise. Using ’99 Kunming International Horticultural Exposition as an example, the author is convinced that Chinese gardens and flowers may reach the first level in the world, but “Chinese Characteristics” ought to be strengthened significantly. At the beginning of China’s becoming a member of WTO, a very good way has been found for facing challenges and utilizing good chances——the so-called “Hua-Hui Xin Si Hua”，viz,①traditional Chinese famous flowers internationalized;②world famous flowers becoming“sinicized” and localized;③ wild flowers introduced and acclimatized;④flower production and management highly specialized and in large-scale. It is possible to reach the present level of flower development in the world in 50 years or more. Then，China will be turned from the “Mother of Gardens” to the “Kingdom of World Flowers”.
Fine chemicals industry is one of the standards to evaluate the level of chemical industry. Several problems which should be taken into consideration in developing fine chemicals industry, including environmental protection, consumption decrease, energy saving, core technology, specialty technology, resource and development innovation, are involved in the present article.
Nuclear weapons are complex systems with special requirements on effectiveness, safety and reliability and, therefore, science-based engineering studies have been conducted, while enhancing system engineering and computer simulation. To further study mechanics and material science for environmental adaptability of the complex systems, theoretical and computational advances must be pursued. The most important issues are theoretical modeling and test designing. Unfortunately, appropriate theories and models for complex system have not been formed yet so far. Following the science development in the 21st century, applications of computer simulations will be speed up for complex systems investigations in various disciplines.
Resources are the basis for the sustainable development of a country. From the viewpoint of chemistry, the product, resulted from the usage of a natural resource is still a substance, a kind of resource. Mankind should not exploit natural resources (minerals) unlimitedly, but make full use of them repeatedly and establish resources recycling gradually. Resources recycling is a kind of science that studies how to build the recycling system for making full use of the products. Resources recycling is a law, and also an only road for human being living in harmony with nature and for social sustainable development. Natural resources exploitation is closely related to environment pollution. Socializing resources recycling as early as possible may completely solve the problems of resource shortage and environment pollution. Building a society of resources recycling is a system engineering. To achieve this goal, the Government's determination, the related laws and regulations, keeping science, technology and education going first, as well as the joint effects from the whole society are necessary.
As one of the environment policies in China, natural gas will take the place of coal as the major energy source for eastern cities. However, due to the high cost of natural gas, the change in energy structure cannot be done by simply replacing coal with gas. The energy application mode should also change to match the change in energy structure. This paper lists most of gas applications such as power generation, space heating, chemical industry, public transportation, etc. Analysis has then been carried on to each type of application from both technical point and economic point. The conclusions are：
(a) Energy application mode depends on the energy supply structure. Current application is based on the energy system that coal takes the major part. It does not suitable if gas takes the place of coal.
(b) Comparing with electricity, natural gas is more convenient to balance the difference in daily peak and vale demand. This should be one of the important factors in energy planning.
(c) One of the most suitable applications is combined heat and power generation (CHP). However, “electrical demand first” should be the rule in design and operation of the system rather than “heat demand first” in current CHP policy. Gas driven CHP should take the rule of balancing the daily difference in electrical demand. During vale demand period, gas engine should be switched off, heat demand can then be met by thermal storage system. Air-conditioning system using low temperature heat source should be encouraged so as to run the CHP and to meet the utility peak load during summer.
(d) Except CHP system, district heating may not be suitable for space heating due to the large loss in transportation and distribution. Individual family boilers may be a better solution for heating when heat is generated from direct gas burning.
Shigella flexneri serotype 2a are the most prevalent species and serotype that cause .bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in man. This paper presents the complete genome sequence of a Shigella flexneri 2a strain which isolated from the Beijing outbreak, and the primary analysis of “ Shigella-genomic islands (SIs)，” that means Shigella flexneri 2a 301 strain-specific genome fragments. The whole genome is composed of a 4,607,203 bp chromosome and a 221,618 bp virulence plasmid, designated pCP301. The chromosome shares a conserved ‘backbone’ sequence about 4.03 Mb with those of a benign laboratory strain E. coli K12 (MG1655) which is essentially collinear. Sf301 has 572 Kb specific-sequence which form into 320 Sis with sizes greater than 50 bp and encoding in total 519 Shigella-specific Open Reading Frames (ORFs). Among these Sis, there are 131 islands with sizes greater than 1 Kb with repeated sequences of transposable elements, transposons or tRNAs flanking on one or both sides. The average G + C content of the Sis is 48.25% , significantly lower than that of the conserved backbone. Frequency of codons such as ACA, AAT, GCG, CTG, etc. , on Sis are quite distinct from that on backbone sequences. All above observations together suggest that many of the Sis are foreign origin. Among them, the authors identified 7 putative Sis with typical structure of pathogenicity islands (PAI) and 2 Sis harbor some ORFs related to biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have implications in virulence, in addition to the previously identified PAIs, SHE and SHI-2. The other Sis are mostly a mosaic of genes of known function and ORFs encoding polypeptides sharing none or low homology with known proteins from one or more bacterial species. All of these could be subjected to investigations towards novel preventive and treatment strategies against shigellosis.
On the basis of signal re-organization, a novel method named virtual-position reading method is proposed in this paper. By means of this method, form error or error motion can be respectively separated according to practical needs, and the separating sequence of form error or error motion can also be optional. Furthermore, in the proposed method, it is not necessary to change the conventional measuring and separating system of form error or the normal procedures of separating operation. It is proved that the new method is flexible and convenient in use.
An analytical model for the large-core optical fiber connector is presented based on beam propagation method(BPM). In the case of the linear and nonlinear (including sinusoidal and cosine) vertical section of connector, affections of the coupling length and coupling angle for the connector on the insert loss and coupling efficiency are discussed when the beginning section and the ending section act as the input respectively. Optimum vertical section, length, and angle of the connector are obtained.
An analysis method for slope safety factor through c - cp reduction algorithm by finite elements is presented. When the system reaches instability, the numerical non-convergence occurs simultaneously. The safety factor is then obtained by c - ψ reduction algorithm. The same time, the critical failure surface is found automatically. The traditional limit equilibrium method can't get the safety factor and failure surface of jointed rock slope. Strength Reduction FEM (SRFEM) presents a powerful alternative approach for slope stability analysis, especially to jointed rock slope. This paper analyzes the precision and error caused by different soil yield criterions、FEM itself、slope height、slope angle´cohesion and friction angle thoroughly. Through a series of case studies, the results show average error of safety factor between Strength Reduction FEM and traditional limit equilibrium method (Bishop simplified method) is 3 %～8 %，the error between SRFEM and Spencer's method is 1 %～4 % . The applicability of the proposed method was clearly exhibited.
Baed on the study on the physical and chemical characteristics, three solid wastes, namely ooze, alkaline slag, coal ash, that have been piled up largely in coastal region are converted into a kind of artificial soil and substituted for the foreign soil. It relieves the shortage of planting soil of the landscaping construction in TEDA and also accords with the sustainable development demands for the environmental construction. Experiments and applications show that the most feasible mixing proportion of ooze to alkaline slagor coal ash is 3: 1. Further more, the artificial soil exceeds coastal solonchak in amelioration of soil and plant suitability. Its overall benefit is prominent.
The river channel change, the bed load and bed material armoring, and the water level lowering after the operation of the Gezhouba project are analyzed based on the topographic and hydrologic data. The water level lowering and it's impact on navigation in the period of construction and initial stage operation of the Three Gorges project are predicted by use of the results of mathematical and physical model.
Extension Strategic Tactics Planning (ESTP), based upon the science of extenics, is established along a perspective of solving contradictory problems. In this paper, the fundamental thoughts, theories and methods of ESTP are introduced concisely. The highlights of the paper are that the techniques, used in case of contradiction to tackle such problems as how to generate the ideas of strategic tactical planning, how to completely analyze the resources, how to exploit extension resources, how to transfer the incompatible into the compatible, and how to transfer the opposite into the co-existent, are developed in a formalized way. And regarding ESTP's practice，the applications of ESTP in resource integration, project, product innovation market development, and crisis prevention and handling are introduced.
According to different driving powers of transport tools, this article divides the history of transport technology into four basic phases and generally points out that the carrier technology and the road-harbor technology are the basic cells of the system of transport technology, and the contradiction between them is the main reason for the progress of transport technology. Then the article analyzes the internal structure and external relations of a transport technology system. Finally, based on the analysis on contradictions in transport, the reality of contemporary science & technology and social development, this article prospects the four developing directions of contemporary transport technology.
In this paper, a novel multi-wavelength star optical network reusing all channel wavelengths three times is proposed by the method of “（Distributed Architecture) + (Return Link) + (Wavelength Group)”. In this scheme, by interconnecting four conventional star couplers and reusing all channel wavelengths three times, both the maximum number of supportable nodes and the maximum throughput of the network are all up to four times as many as that of conventional WDM star network. Utilizing bidirectional transmissions in a single fiber, half fibers can be saved under the same number of supportable nodes. Making use of the distributed architecture, the anti-destructibility of network is drastically raised. All these advantages of the network efficiently overcome the disadvantages of conventional WDM star network.
Work on neutrino's mass has been going on in Japan and several other countries since the early work of V. Lubimov in USSR inl980 and that of a work with W. Kundig at Zurich University inl986. At the present time, there are several laboratories concerned with the research aspects of such particles. It among the advances of all sorts of neutrinos, two main cruxes should be considered for this subject. One is that the similarity between the photon and the neutrino, the other is that the very interesting superluminal theory for neutrinos.
This Issue
Oct 2002, Volume 4 Issue 10