期刊首页 优先出版 当期阅读 过刊浏览 作者中心 关于期刊 English

《中国工程科学》 >> 2022年 第24卷 第1期 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.012

黄河流域生态系统变化评估与保护修复策略研究

生态环境部环境规划院黄河生态文明研究中心,北京 100012

资助项目 :中国工程院咨询项目“黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略研究”(2020-ZD-18) 收稿日期: 2021-11-25 修回日期: 2021-12-20 发布日期: 2022-01-28

下一篇 上一篇

摘要

黄河流域生态环境较为敏感且脆弱,长期以来受气候变化以及大规模、高强度的人类开发建设活动影响,流域整体性、系统性生态退化问题突出,生态安全形势不容乐观。为有效促进黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展,筑牢国家生态安全屏障,本文系统评估了近20 年黄河流域生态系统在结构、质量方面的现状及变化情况;总结了当前黄河上、中、下游存在的主要问题与不足,包括流域生态脆弱且整体性、系统性退化问题突出以及现有生态保护修复工作在体制与机制、投入力度、实施成效等方面的瓶颈制约;在此基础上提出了未来黄河流域生态保护修复策略。研究表明:近20 年来,黄河流域生态系统结构总体稳定,但部分类型变化明显,城镇显著扩张,森林、草地、湿地等有所增加,荒漠明显减少;生态系统质量整体改善,并以中游地区较为显著,但局部仍存在退化情况,尤其以下游地区较为显著。为此,本文建议,应通过系统评估生态工程实施成效、因地制宜推进生态保护修复、创新建立生态产品价值实现机制3 个方面加强黄河流域生态保护修复,保障区域生态安全。
 

参考文献

[ 1 ] 王金南. 黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略思考 [J]. 环境保 护, 2020, 48(Z1): 18−21. Wang J N. A Primary framework on protection of ecological environment and realization of high-quality development for the Yellow River Basin [J]. Environmental Protection, 2020, 48(Z1): 18−21.
Wang J N. A Primary framework on protection of ecological environment and realization of high-quality development for the Yellow River basin [J]. Environmental Protection, 2020, 48(Z1): 18−21. Chinese. 链接1

[ 2 ] 王莺, 李耀辉, 孙旭映. 黄河源区域生态环境演变与对策建议 [J]. 干旱气象, 2013, 31(3): 550−557. Wang Y, Li Y H, Sun X Y. Eco-environment changes and countermeasures in the Yellow River Source Region [J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2013, 31(3): 550−557.
Wang Y, Li Y H, Sun X Y. Eco-environment changes and countermeasures in the Yellow River Source Region [J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2013, 31(3): 550−557. Chinese. 链接1

[ 3 ] 邵全琴, 樊江文, 刘纪远, 等. 三江源生态保护和建设一期工程 生态成效评估 [J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(1): 3−20. Shao Q Q, Fan J W, Liu J Y, et al. Assessment on the effects of the first-stage ecological conservation and restoration project in Sanjiangyuan Region [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(1): 3−20.
Shao Q Q, Fan J W, Liu J Y, et al. Assessment on the effects of the first-stage ecological conservation and restoration project in Sanjiangyuan Region [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(1): 3−20. Chinese. 链接1

[ 4 ] 徐新良, 王靓, 李静, 等. 三江源生态工程实施以来草地恢复态 势及现状分析 [J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2017, 19(1): 50−58. Xu X L, Wang L, Li J, et al. Analysis of the grassland restoration trend and degradation situation in the “Three-River Headwaters” Region since the implementation of the ecological project [J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017, 19(1): 50−58.
Xu X L, Wang L, Li J, et al. Analysis of the grassland restoration trend and degradation situation in the “Three-River Headwaters” Region since the implementation of the ecological project [J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017, 19(1): 50−58. Chinese. 链接1

[ 5 ] 王涛, 高峰, 王宝, 等. 祁连山生态保护与修复的现状问题与建 议 [J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(2): 229−234. Wang T, Gao F, Wang B, et al. Status and suggestions on ecological protection and restoration of Qilian Mountains [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2017, 39(2): 229−234.
Wang T, Gao F, Wang B, et al. Status and suggestions on Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2017, 39(2): 229−234. Chinese. 链接1

[ 6 ] 王文浩. 甘南黄河重要水源补给生态功能区湿地保护与修复思 路 [J]. 生态经济(学术版), 2011 (1): 387−389. Wang W H. Yellow River water supply Gannan important ecological functions of wetlands areas and restoration of thinking [J]. Ecological Economy, 2011 (1): 387−389.
Wang W H. Yellow River water supply Gannan important ecological functions of wetlands areas and restoration of thinking [J]. Ecological Economy, 2011 (1): 387−389. Chinese. 链接1

[ 7 ] 李国明, 刘江, 李胜, 等. 若尔盖湿地近25年湿地变化及分形特 征分析 [J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2017, 40(7): 34−36. Li G M, Liu J, Li S, et al. Fractal characteristics analysis of wetland changes of Ruoergai Wetland nearly 25 years [J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2017, 40(7): 34−36.
Li G M, Liu J, Li S, et al. Fractal characteristics analysis of wetland changes of Ruoergai Wetland nearly 25 years [J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2017, 40(7): 34−36. Chinese. 链接1

[ 8 ] 李斌. 若尔盖湿地沙漠化成因分析及对策探讨 [J]. 中国人口•资 源与环境, 2008 (2): 145−149. Li B. Driving factors of Zoige Wetland desertification and countermeasures [J]. China Population, Resources and Envrionment, 2008 (2): 145−149.
Li B. Driving factors of Zoige Wetland desertification and countermeasures [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2008 (2): 145−149. Chinese. 链接1

[ 9 ] 李宗善, 杨磊, 王国梁, 等. 黄土高原水土流失治理现状、问题及 对策 [J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(20): 7398−7409. Li Z S, Yang L, Wang G L, et al. The management of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China: Present situations, problems, and counter-solutions [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(20): 7398−7409.
Li Z S, Yang L, Wang G L, et al. The management of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China: Present situations, problems, and counter-solutions [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(20): 7398−7409. Chinese. 链接1

[10] 刘国彬, 上官周平, 姚文艺, 等. 黄土高原生态工程的生态成效 [J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(1): 11−19. Liu G B, Shangguan Z P, Yao W Y, et al. Ecological effects of soil conservation in Loess Plateau [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(1): 11−19.
Liu G B, Shangguan Z P, Yao W Y, et al. Ecological effects of soil conservation in Loess Plateau [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(1): 11−19. Chinese. 链接1

[11] 高健翎, 高燕, 马红斌, 等. 黄土高原近70a水土流失治理特征研 究 [J]. 人民黄河, 2019, 41(11): 65−69, 84. Gao J L, Gao Y, Ma H B, et al. Study on characteristics of soil and water loss control in Loess Plateau in recent 70 years [J]. Yellow River, 2019, 41(11): 65−69, 84.
Gao J L, Gao Y, Ma H B, et al. Study on characteristics of soil and water loss control in Loess Plateau in recent 70 years [J]. Yellow River, 2019, 41(11): 65−69, 84. Chinese. 链接1

[12] 王万战, 雷坤, 江恩惠, 等. 黄河三角洲及附近海域综合治理战 略研究 [J]. 中国工程科学, 2016, 18(2): 91−97. Wang W Z, Lei K, Jiang E H, et al. Study on creating an integrated management strategy for the Yellow River Delta and its ambient sea area [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2016, 18(2): 91−97.
Wang W Z, Lei K, Jiang E H, et al. Study on creating an integrated management strategy for the Yellow River Delta and its ambient sea area [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2016, 18(2): 91−97. Chinese. 链接1

[13] 王瑞玲, 连煜, 王新功, 等. 黄河流域水生态保护与修复总体框 架研究 [J]. 人民黄河, 2013, 35(10): 107−110, 114. Wang R L, Lian Y, Wang X G, et al. Study on the overall framework of water ecological protection and restoration of the Yellow River Basin [J]. Yellow River, 2013, 35(10): 107−110, 114.
Wang R L, Lian Y, Wang X G, et al. Study on the overall framework of water ecological protection and restoration of the Yellow River basin [J]. Yellow River, 2013, 35(10): 107−110, 114. Chinese. 链接1

[14] 黄锦辉, 史晓新, 张蔷, 等. 黄河生态系统特征及生态保护目标 识别 [J]. 中国水土保持, 2006 (12): 14−17, 56. Huang J H, Shi X X, Zhang Q, et al. Characteristics of ecological system and target identification of ecological protection of the Yellow River [J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2006 (12): 14−17, 56.
Huang J H, Shi X X, Zhang Q, et al. Characteristics of ecological system and target identification of ecological protection of the Yellow River [J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2006 (12): 14−17, 56. Chinese. 链接1

[15] 徐新良, 刘纪远, 张树文, 等. 中国多时期土地利用土地覆被遥 感监测数据集(CNLUCC) [EB/OL]. (2018-07-02)[2021-09-07]. https://www.resdc.cn/DOI/doi.aspx?DOIid=54. Xu X L, Liu J Y, Zhang S W, et al. China multi-period land use and land cover remote sensing monitoring data set (CNLUCC) [EB/OL]. (2018-07-02)[2021-09-07]. https://www.resdc.cn/DOI/ doi.aspx?DOIid=54.
Xu X L, Liu J Y, Zhang S W, et al. China multi-period land use and land cover remote sensing monitoring data set (CNLUCC) [EB/OL]. (2018-07-02)[2021-09-07]. Chinese. 链接1

[16] 徐新良. 中国年度植被指数(NDVI)空间分布数据集 [EB/ OL]. (2018-06-06)[2021-09-08]. https://www.resdc.cn/DOI/doi. aspx?DOIid=49. Xu X L. China annual vegetation index (NDVI) spatial distribution dataset. [EB/OL]. (2018-06-06)[2021-09-08]. https://www.resdc. cn/DOI/doi.aspx?DOIid=49..
Xu X L. China annual vegetation index (NDVI) spatial distribution dataset. [EB/OL]. (2018-06-06)[2021-09-08]. https://www.resdc.cn/DOI/doi.aspx?DOIid=49. Chinese. 链接1

[17] 田清. 近60年来气候变化和人类活动对黄河、长江、珠江水沙通 量影响的研究 [D]. 上海: 华东师范大学(博士学位论文), 2016. Tian Q. Impacts of climate change and human activities on water and sediment fluxes of the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers in the past 60 years [D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University(Doctoral dissertation), 2016.
Tian Q. Impacts of climate change and human activities on water and sediment fluxes of the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers in the past 60 years [D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University(Doctoral dissertation), 2016. Chinese. 链接1

[18] 文军. 应科学利用和保护黄河源区水资源 [N].中国科学报, 2016-09-15(04). Wen J. Scientific use and protection of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River [N]. China Science News, 2016- 09-15(04).
Wen J. Scientific use and protection of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River [N]. China Science News, 2016- 09-15(04). Chinese.

[19] 杜际增, 王根绪, 李元寿. 近45年长江黄河源区高寒草地退化特 征及成因分析 [J]. 草业学报, 2015, 24(6): 5−15. Du J Z, Wang G X, Li Y S. Rate and causes of degradation of alpine grassland in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers during the last 45 years [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(6): 5−15.
Du J Z, Wang G X, Li Y S. Rate and causes of degradation of alpine grassland in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers during the last 45 years [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(6): 5−15. Chinese. 链接1

[20] 王翠萍. 库布齐沙漠中段沙化土地动态变化及驱动力分析 [J]. 林业资源管理, 2018 (1): 63−71, 154. Wang C P. Analysis on dynamic change of desertification land and driving forces in the Middle Area of Kubuqi Desert [J]. Forest Resources Management, 2018 (1): 63−71, 154.
Wang C P. Analysis on dynamic change of desertification land and driving forces in the Middle Area of Kubuqi Desert [J]. Forest Resources Management, 2018 (1): 63−71, 154. Chinese. 链接1

[21] 李晓岚. 毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转过程及成因分析 [D]. 西安: 陕 西师范大学(硕士学位论文), 2017. Li X L. Reversal process and cause analysis of desertification in Mu Us Sandy Land [D]. Xi’an: Shaanxi Normal University(Master’s thesis), 2017.
Li X L. Reversal process and cause analysis of desertification in Mu Us Sandy Land [D]. Xi’an: Shaanxi Normal University(Master’s thesis), 2017. Chinese. 链接1

[22] 张海欧. 毛乌素沙地综合整治现状分析及新思路 [J]. 农学学报, 2018, 8(5): 55−59. Zhang H O. Comprehensive renovation of Mu Us Sandy Land: Present situation analysis and new ideas [J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2018, 8(5): 55−59.
Zhang H O. Comprehensive renovation of Mu Us Sandy Land: Present situation analysis and new ideas [J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2018, 8(5): 55−59. Chinese. 链接1

[23] 刘月. 乌兰布和沙漠近40年来土地利用动态变化研究 [D]. 呼和 浩特: 内蒙古师范大学(硕士学位论文), 2013. Liu Y. Research on dynamic changes of land use in Ulan Buh Desert in the past 40 years [D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University(Master’s thesis), 2013.
Liu Y. Research on dynamic changes of land use in Ulan Buh Desert in the past 40 years [D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University(Master’s thesis), 2013. Chinese. 链接1

[24] 赵世磊. 1973—2009年腾格里沙漠南部沙漠收缩/扩张变化及 其原因 [D]. 兰州: 兰州大学(硕士学位论文), 2015. Zhao S L. The contraction and expansion of the southern region of the Tengger Desert and the causes from 1973 to 2009 [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University(Master’s thesis), 2015.
Zhao S L. The contraction and expansion of the southern region of the Tengger Desert and the causes from 1973 to 2009 [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University(Master’s thesis), 2015. Chinese. 链接1

[25] 王俊枝, 薛志忠, 张弛, 等. 内蒙古河套平原耕地盐碱化时空演 变及其对产能的影响 [J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(5): 827−835. Wang J Z, Xue Z Z, Zhang C, et al. Spatio-temporal evolution of saline-alkali cultivated land and its impact on productivity in Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(5): 827−835.
Wang J Z, Xue Z Z, Zhang C, et al. Spatio-temporal evolution of saline-alkali cultivated land and its impact on productivity in Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(5): 827−835. Chinese. 链接1

[26] 胡春宏, 张晓明. 关于黄土高原水土流失治理格局调整的建议 [J]. 中国水利, 2019 (23): 5−7, 11. Hu C H, Zhang X M. Suggestions on adjusting the pattern of soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau [J]. China Water Resources, 2019 (23): 5−7, 11.
soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau [J]. China Water Resources, 2019 (23): 5−7, 11. Chinese. 链接1

[27] 中华人民共和国水利部. 2020年中国水土保持公报 [EB/ OL]. (2021-09-30)[2021-12-09]. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/ zgstbcgb/202109/t20210930_1545971.html. Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China. 2020 China soil and water conservation bulletin [EB/OL]. (2021-09-30)[2021-12-09]. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/ zgstbcgb/202109/t20210930_1545971.html.
Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China. 2020 China soil and water conservation bulletin [EB/OL]. (2021-09-30)[2021-12-09]. Chinese. 链接1

[28] Feng X M, Fu B J, Lu N, et al. How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services: An analysis of carbon sequestration in China’s Loess Plateau [J]. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3: 2846. 链接1

[29] 张金良. 黄河下游滩区再造与生态治理 [J]. 人民黄河, 2017, 39(6): 24−27, 33. Zhang J L. Reconstruction and ecological management of the Lower Yellow River Floodplain [J]. Yellow River, 2017, 39(6): 24−27, 33.
Zhang J L. Reconstruction and ecological management of the Lower Yellow River Floodplain [J]. Yellow River, 2017, 39(6): 24−27, 33. Chinese. 链接1

[30] 连煜, 张建军, 王新功. 黄河三角洲生态修复与栖息地保护 [J]. 环境影响评价, 2015, 37(3): 6−8, 17. Lian Y, Zhang J J, Wang X G. The Yellow River Delta ecological restoration and habitat protection based on water and sediment regulation [J]. Environmental Impact Assessment, 2015, 37(3): 6−8, 17.
Lian Y, Zhang J J, Wang X G. The Yellow River Delta ecological restoration and habitat protection based on water and sediment regulation [J]. Environmental Impact Assessment, 2015, 37(3): 6−8, 17. Chinese. 链接1

[31] 张爱静, 董哲仁, 赵进勇, 等. 黄河调水调沙期河口湿地景观格 局演变 [J]. 人民黄河, 2013, 35(7): 69−72. Zhang A J, Dong Z R, Zhao J Y, et al. The evolution of wetland landscape pattern of the Yellow River estuary during water and sediment regulation [J]. Yellow River, 2013, 35(7): 69−72.
Zhang A J, Dong Z R, Zhao J Y, et al. The evolution of wetland landscape pattern of the Yellow River estuary during water and sediment regulation [J]. Yellow River, 2013, 35(7): 69−72. Chinese. 链接1

[32] 邓小云. 推进黄河流域协同大治理 [N]. 中国环境报, 2019-10- 15(03). Deng X Y. Promote coordinated grand governance in the Yellow River Basin [N]. China Environment News, 2019-10-15(03).
Deng X Y. Promote coordinated grand governance in the Yellow River basin [N]. China Environment News, 2019-10-15(03). Chinese.

[33] 国家林业和草原局. 中国林业和草原统计年鉴2020 [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2021. National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China forestry and grassland statistical yearbook 2020 [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2021.
National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China forestry and grassland statistical yearbook 2020 [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2021. Chinese.

[34] 王金南, 於方, 马国霞, 等. 中国经济生态生产总值核算研究报 告2020 [R]. 北京: 重要环境决策参考, 2020. Wang J N, Yu F, Ma G X, et al. China economic and ecological GDP accounting research report 2020 [R]. Beijing: Chinese Reference for Environmental Decision-making, 2020.
Wang J N, Yu F, Ma G X, et al. China economic and ecological GDP accounting research report 2020 [R]. Beijing: Chinese Reference for Environmental Decision-making, 2020. Chinese.

[35] 赵子夜. 中国“三北”防护林工程建设现状及思考 [J]. 南京林业 大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2018, 18(3): 67−76, 89. Zhao Z Y. Current situation and reflection on China’s “Three⁃North” shelter forest program [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2018, 18(3): 67−76, 89.
Zhao Z Y. Current situation and reflection on China’s “Three⁃North” shelter forest program [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2018, 18(3): 67−76, 89. Chinese. 链接1

[36] 孙传谆, 甄霖, 王超, 等. 天然林资源保护一期工程生态成效评 估——以甘肃小陇山地区为例 [J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(6): 732−740. Sun C Z, Zhen L, Wang C, et al. Assessment of the ecological effects of the first-phase natural forest protection project in the Xiaolongshan Region, Gansu Province [J]. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(6): 732−740.
Sun C Z, Zhen L, Wang C, et al. Assessment of the ecological effects of the first-phase natural forest protection project in the Xiaolongshan Region, Gansu Province [J]. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(6): 732−740. Chinese. 链接1

[37] 温小洁. 黄河中上游植被覆盖时空演变对退耕还林(草)工程的 动态响应研究 [D]. 咸阳: 西北农林科技大学(硕士学位论文), 2019. Wen X J. Study on the dynamic response of the spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation coverage in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yellow River to the project of returning farmland to forests (grass) [D]. Xianyang: Northwest A&F University(Master’s thesis), 2019.
Wen X J. Study on the dynamic response of the spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation coverage in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yellow River to the project of returning farmland to forests (grass) [D]. Xianyang: Northwest A&F University(Master’s thesis), 2019. Chinese.

[38] 汪芳甜. 北方农牧交错带退耕还林生态效应评价——以乌兰察 布市为例 [D]. 北京: 中国农业大学(博士学位论文), 2018. Wang F T. Evaluation of ecological effects for the green project in the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China—A case study in the Ulanqab City [D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University((Doctoral dissertation)), 2018.
Wang F T. Evaluation of ecological effects for the green project in the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China—A case study in the Ulanqab City [D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University((Doctoral dissertation)), 2018. Chinese.

[39] 张海燕, 樊江文, 邵全琴, 等. 2000—2010年中国退牧还草工程 区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化 [J]. 草业学报, 2016, 25(4): 1−15. Zhang H Y, Fan J W, Shao Q Q, et al. Ecosystem dynamics in the ‘Returning Rangeland to Grassland’ programs of China [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(4): 1−15.
Zhang H Y, Fan J W, Shao Q Q, et al. Ecosystem dynamics in the ‘Returning Rangeland to Grassland’ programs of China [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(4): 1−15. Chinese. 链接1

[40] 吴丹, 巩国丽, 邵全琴, 等. 京津风沙源治理工程生态效应评估 [J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(11): 117−123. Wu D, Gong G L, Shao Q Q, et al. Ecological effects assessment of Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(11): 117−123.
Wu D, Gong G L, Shao Q Q, et al. Ecological effects assessment of Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(11): 117−123. Chinese. 链接1

[41] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化 管理委员会. 退耕还林工程建设效益监测评价: GB/T 23233— 2009 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2009. State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration. Evaluation in project for the construction of conversion of cropland to forest: GB/T 23233—2009 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2009.
State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration. Evaluation in project for the construction of conversion of cropland to forest: GB/T 23233—2009 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2009. Chinese.

[42] 国家林业局. 三北防护林工程评估技术规程: LY/T 2411—2015 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015. State Forestry Administration. Technical regulation on Three-north shelter-belt assessment: LY/T 2411—2015 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2015.
State Forestry Administration. Technical regulation on Three-north shelter-belt assessment: LY/T 2411—2015 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2015. Chinese.

[43] 国家林业局. 天然林资源保护工程建设评价技术规程: LY∕T 1818—2009 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2009. State Forestry Administration. Technical procedures for evaluation of natural forest protection & construction program: LY∕T 1818— 2009 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2009.
State Forestry Administration. Technical procedures for evaluation of natural forest protection & construction program: LY∕T 1818— 2009 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2009. Chinese.

[44] 国家林业局. 退耕还林工程生态效益监测国家报告(2014) [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2015. State Forestry Administration. National report on the ecological benefits of grain for green program in 2014 [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2015.
State Forestry Administration. National report on the ecological benefits of grain for green program in 2014 [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2015. Chinese.

[45] 国新网.《三北防护林体系建设40年综合评价报告》发布会 [EB/ OL]. (2018-12-24)[2021-12-10]. http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/ xwbfbh/wqfbh/37601/39515/index.htm. Guoxin.com. Comprehensive evaluation report of on the construction of the Three-North shelter forest system for 40 years press conference [EB/OL]. (2018-12-24)[2021-12-10]. http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/ xwbfbh/wqfbh/37601/39515/index.htm.
Guoxin.com. Comprehensive evaluation report of on the construction of the Three-North shelter forest system for 40 years press conference [EB/OL]. (2018-12-24)[2021-12-10]. Chinese. 链接1

相关研究